Well, damn. Now I need to watch it. The mob and FBI teaming up to fight Germans never gets old,I love that glance they give each other when they're blasting.Genuinely surprised you're the only comment referencing that, twas the first thing I thought of.I was surprised too. I've accepted that not many people hold the Rocketeer in as high esteem as I do.
Ha. I told my barber I wanted something new recently, tried to describe what I was thinking of. He responded with "So, you want The Rocketeer look?"45 and still flaming. I wonder why she isn't in as many movies lately, she's a great actress.I miss Horner; I loved his music. I had a bad wee recently, but the sound track to "sneakers" ; specially the scene where Marty and Cosmo encounter each other, mellowed me back out. So many awesome scores
It's not at all surprising to know that Joe Johnston (the director) was also behind Captain America: The First Avenger.I loved this movie AND the insanely difficult NES game that came along after.I couldn't even pass the first level. I believe it was the plane racing. It was just flying in loops and I couldn't figure that shit out.It was just ahead of its time. 20 years later, the same director made another movie with the same basic premise (mid-century super hero fighting nazis of dubious historical accuracy) that makes 5 times as much at the box office, and gets 2 sequels.
First movie I ever saw in theatres. On the walk home all I could think about was watching it again. As soon as the VHS was released I had my dad rent it. No joke, I think I watched that VHS 5 times before we had to return it the next day. As in pushing into late fee territory.When the zeppelin goes, sometimes it's like everyone stops shooting and looks up. Because if you don't, it's gonna land on you.Just like me. Except I wasn't punching anyone out. And instead of in a tavern I was in my own kitchen. The "shitty" part is accurate, though.
To begin I recommend hands, once your proficiency reaches level 5 then you can advance to the shovel. Once you reach a character level of ~16 you can start using tractors. There are many differrnt types of tractors depending on your sub class of dirt farmer!Maybe the fire consumes the oxygen? That's the whole point of flamethrowers. Point it into a bunker and asphyxiate everyone inside, and of course burn them to death. But, you know, from the lungs-out.I love assaulting that point. Every time I die I get to try something new to break through.
He runs to the end of the zeppelin and jumps off doing a 360 no scope to an enemy pilot and then lands in the cockpit of the stolen plane and flies off into the sunset,You forgot the random piece of debris that touches your plane wing then causes you to hurdle towards the ground at 500000mph,Or the lag comp bounces you back out of the cockpit a full second later and you land outside ground battlefield. Within seconds your god of choice executes you for desertion.
Then he pulls up, ejects, fires RPG at jet behind him, it destroys the jet, but not before the pilot ejects as well, so he switches to his sniper and headshots him in the air, wait a minute the jet did a full loop, he gets back in the jet. Now the gif can end.I won't lie -- it's not my vid, I just saw the gif in the web, on Russian network VK so I just posted it here for you guys. If someone knows how it ends and whether the sniper makes the shot or not -- please do tell!
- LiFePO4 Battery Wholesale Supplies
Monday, November 21, 2016
7.3 Magnitude Earthquake hit Japan and Tsunami Warning Issued
Tokyo here - woke up just before 6AM with some pretty intense shaking, the strongest I've ever felt. Seemed to last forever. All ok now though. Usually just try to go back to sleep but my gf made me get up and put my jacket on. Too much excitement for this early. My friends family from Fukushima is visiting her, apparently they got up, turned on the TV for a few minutes then went back to sleep haha.
Maybe part of it is that I just woke up from a nap, and I'm still half asleep, but I laughed way too hard at this.In all seriousness, I hope everything is alright over there and you all don't get any crazy aftershocks. Stay safe, and stay warm!
06:27 (local Japanese time) The earthquake has by some been revised to a 6.9
06:28 There is also reports of an aftershock happening approx 1 minute ago at 5.3.
06:37 No 'irregularities' or radiation changes at the Fukushima plant according to spokesperson of the plant.
06:40 There is a concern that the tsunami will hit several times. The announcers on the NHK have not sounded this emotional since the large previous earthquake from 2011, and the news announcers keep commenting and reminding of the previous earthquake.
06:42 Observed tsunami spotted 20km out from the Fukushima coast at a buoy.
06:49 The Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant (seen here north of Fukushima) has no damages from the earthquake reported.
06:54 At 06:49 at the port of Onahama (a city in Fukushima region) a 60 cm tsunami was observed at the port.
07:05 The estimated tsunami height is expected to be 3m, but could be higher. A 60 cm tsunami has reached the shore but more is expected. The tide level keeps changing along the coasts so people should be wary for higher coming waves.
07:12 A second tsunami observed 20km off coast of Ibaraki region, just north of Tokyo
07:20 Reports that the cooling system at the Fukushima power plant has failed, not sure what this means for the power plant, more details will hopefully come soon.
07:32 There is no immediate danger at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, where the system that supplies the cooling water for the 3rd reactor has stopped. There is enough water to cool the reactor for a while.
07:35 The 2nd and 3rd wave of the tsunami are likely to be higher according to the news announcers at NHK
07:42 The Tsunami Advisory Zone has been extended north and south along the coast Image of current Tsunami Warning, via @Robertspeta
07:50 Update regarding the Fukushima cooling system: it's still uncertain what caused the stop in the cooling system and the temperature is slowly rising.
08:03 The Fukushima 3rd reactor cooling system has successfully been restarted, and TEPCO who own the plant will investigate further what happened and make sure everything is OK.
08:11 "A 3-meter tsunami warning has also just been added for Miyagi Pref., in addition to Fukushima." Via Steve Herman
08:15 The Japan Meteorological Agency has revised quake up to magnitude 7.4 from 7.3. The USGS previously rated the earthquake as a 7.3 but later changed it to a 6.9, so there are differing results on how strong it was as of right now.
08:15 1m 40cm wave observed at Sendai Harbor.
08:45 Reports of injuries but no casualties so far. TEPCO spokesperson says that at the Fukushima Power plant reactor the first tsunami wave measured at 1m, but the 2nd tsunami wave didn't reach enough height for it to be measured.
09:12 Not much updates as of now, evacuations are still in place and people are still told to not approach the coastline. People are also asked to be alert in the following couple of days (probably due to the risk of aftershocks). No updates of tsunami waves recently higher than 30cm, but the waves are now being reported further north and south along the coast too. There is still sea level differences so people should not relax, but stay alert.
I will continue editing this post with more info.
Currently, I'm about 320 km south of Fukushima and felt about 2 to 3 minutes of shaking in my apartment. The last large one in March 2011 was the only one that lasted longer that I experienced.There's a three meter tsunami warning which is serious, but nothing like the 10m that hit five years ago. There is an evacuation warning for Fukushima area though on TV.
Hey, dude, you don't owe us anything. Sorry if people become expectant of you. I have followed this account since its creation, and just wanted to let you know that you're awesome and I'm sure I can speak for many others when I say I really appreciate your tireless efforts to keep us updated.No matter what you end up deciding regarding this account, thank you so much for everything you've put into it. Much love, brother.
All big earthquakes he is here and he gives the best info, with the best answers on questions. TheEarthquakeGuy is the first thing I search after an earthquake to get the actual facts!It is tricky to know what the effects will be in those first few minutes, but offshore and shallow are not generally a good combination if you are worried about tsunamis. You need that water displacement, which is why I was waiting for the initial focal mechanisms to be calculated and published by USGS. It shows what the orientation of the fault could be, so when I saw it was not a thrust fault I relaxed a bit. I did not expect the focal mechanism to change so drastically from strike-slip to normal though; that was unusual.
Thank you for the information, Reddit is a big place and it's probably not fair to the earthquake guy that we rely on him so much despite the fact that there's several people who can help at any given time.Exactly the same thing happened five years ago - New Zealand experienced a major earthquake, then Japan experienced one a short while later. Can somebody knowledgeable fill me in on whether this is linked or just a coincidence?
Can someone explain to me what the reported size of the tsunami means? Does it mean the size of the wave is going to be 3 meters ( 10 feet )? Or does it mean everything within 3 meters of sea level will be effected? I mean, we get 10 foot waves in NJ during a tropical storm and it doesn't do that much damage..They are predicting the wave to be 3 meters high. That is 3 meters above the sea level, and is nothing like the waves you experience in storms. Those only hit the shore, while a tsunami is a huge amount of water moving inland and destroying everything in its path.
Maybe part of it is that I just woke up from a nap, and I'm still half asleep, but I laughed way too hard at this.In all seriousness, I hope everything is alright over there and you all don't get any crazy aftershocks. Stay safe, and stay warm!
06:27 (local Japanese time) The earthquake has by some been revised to a 6.9
06:28 There is also reports of an aftershock happening approx 1 minute ago at 5.3.
06:37 No 'irregularities' or radiation changes at the Fukushima plant according to spokesperson of the plant.
06:40 There is a concern that the tsunami will hit several times. The announcers on the NHK have not sounded this emotional since the large previous earthquake from 2011, and the news announcers keep commenting and reminding of the previous earthquake.
06:42 Observed tsunami spotted 20km out from the Fukushima coast at a buoy.
06:49 The Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant (seen here north of Fukushima) has no damages from the earthquake reported.
06:54 At 06:49 at the port of Onahama (a city in Fukushima region) a 60 cm tsunami was observed at the port.
07:05 The estimated tsunami height is expected to be 3m, but could be higher. A 60 cm tsunami has reached the shore but more is expected. The tide level keeps changing along the coasts so people should be wary for higher coming waves.
07:12 A second tsunami observed 20km off coast of Ibaraki region, just north of Tokyo
07:20 Reports that the cooling system at the Fukushima power plant has failed, not sure what this means for the power plant, more details will hopefully come soon.
07:32 There is no immediate danger at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, where the system that supplies the cooling water for the 3rd reactor has stopped. There is enough water to cool the reactor for a while.
07:35 The 2nd and 3rd wave of the tsunami are likely to be higher according to the news announcers at NHK
07:42 The Tsunami Advisory Zone has been extended north and south along the coast Image of current Tsunami Warning, via @Robertspeta
07:50 Update regarding the Fukushima cooling system: it's still uncertain what caused the stop in the cooling system and the temperature is slowly rising.
08:03 The Fukushima 3rd reactor cooling system has successfully been restarted, and TEPCO who own the plant will investigate further what happened and make sure everything is OK.
08:11 "A 3-meter tsunami warning has also just been added for Miyagi Pref., in addition to Fukushima." Via Steve Herman
08:15 The Japan Meteorological Agency has revised quake up to magnitude 7.4 from 7.3. The USGS previously rated the earthquake as a 7.3 but later changed it to a 6.9, so there are differing results on how strong it was as of right now.
08:15 1m 40cm wave observed at Sendai Harbor.
08:45 Reports of injuries but no casualties so far. TEPCO spokesperson says that at the Fukushima Power plant reactor the first tsunami wave measured at 1m, but the 2nd tsunami wave didn't reach enough height for it to be measured.
09:12 Not much updates as of now, evacuations are still in place and people are still told to not approach the coastline. People are also asked to be alert in the following couple of days (probably due to the risk of aftershocks). No updates of tsunami waves recently higher than 30cm, but the waves are now being reported further north and south along the coast too. There is still sea level differences so people should not relax, but stay alert.
I will continue editing this post with more info.
Currently, I'm about 320 km south of Fukushima and felt about 2 to 3 minutes of shaking in my apartment. The last large one in March 2011 was the only one that lasted longer that I experienced.There's a three meter tsunami warning which is serious, but nothing like the 10m that hit five years ago. There is an evacuation warning for Fukushima area though on TV.
Hey, dude, you don't owe us anything. Sorry if people become expectant of you. I have followed this account since its creation, and just wanted to let you know that you're awesome and I'm sure I can speak for many others when I say I really appreciate your tireless efforts to keep us updated.No matter what you end up deciding regarding this account, thank you so much for everything you've put into it. Much love, brother.
All big earthquakes he is here and he gives the best info, with the best answers on questions. TheEarthquakeGuy is the first thing I search after an earthquake to get the actual facts!It is tricky to know what the effects will be in those first few minutes, but offshore and shallow are not generally a good combination if you are worried about tsunamis. You need that water displacement, which is why I was waiting for the initial focal mechanisms to be calculated and published by USGS. It shows what the orientation of the fault could be, so when I saw it was not a thrust fault I relaxed a bit. I did not expect the focal mechanism to change so drastically from strike-slip to normal though; that was unusual.
Thank you for the information, Reddit is a big place and it's probably not fair to the earthquake guy that we rely on him so much despite the fact that there's several people who can help at any given time.Exactly the same thing happened five years ago - New Zealand experienced a major earthquake, then Japan experienced one a short while later. Can somebody knowledgeable fill me in on whether this is linked or just a coincidence?
Can someone explain to me what the reported size of the tsunami means? Does it mean the size of the wave is going to be 3 meters ( 10 feet )? Or does it mean everything within 3 meters of sea level will be effected? I mean, we get 10 foot waves in NJ during a tropical storm and it doesn't do that much damage..They are predicting the wave to be 3 meters high. That is 3 meters above the sea level, and is nothing like the waves you experience in storms. Those only hit the shore, while a tsunami is a huge amount of water moving inland and destroying everything in its path.
Tuesday, November 15, 2016
Why Trump could be great for battery storage
Deutsche Bank has described the global battery market as being at an inflection point, with global consumption expected to treble from 70Gwh in 2015 to 210GWh by 2018, and then more than double again to 535GWh by 2025.
The report, published on Thursday, said falling costs of technology – and particularly in the case of lithium-ion batteries – were one of the major drivers of the battery boom.
As we have witnessed in Australia with the latest Tesla Powerwall rollout, lithium-ion battery costs are on a downward trajectory, from $900/kWh in 2010 to $225/kWh in 2015 and on track to reach lows of $150/kWh by 2020, according to Deutsche.
Tesla/Panasonic li-ion costs, the report notes, are already below $200/kWh for cells and around $225/kWh for the entire battery pack, making them a cheaper-than-grid option for solar households already, as reported here.
The other factor driving the boom, says Deutsche, is policy: “Regulatory environment will likely be a critical driver of storage adoption rates and contrary to consensus views, detrimental solar policies could potentially act as a significant growth catalyst for storage sector.
“We expect rules related to solar feed-in tariffs or net metering to continue to change as solar penetration rates increase,” the report says.
In Australia, the report offers by way of example, “it is estimated that buying power from the grid can be three times more expensive than the value of locally generated solar power exported to the grid.”
This is good news for Australian consumers, offering yet another reason to believe that our market will be a global leader in affordable battery storage.
But it could also be good news for the battery market in America – and the global market by association – with its newly elected President vowing to scrap clean energy support mechanisms and focus its funding on “non-phoney” environmental causes.
According to the report, distributed generation (DG) sources are estimated to displace more than 320GW of new large-scale power plants globally between 2014 and 2023 and new DG capacity additions could potentially exceed added centralised generation capacity by as early as 2018.
The report, published on Thursday, said falling costs of technology – and particularly in the case of lithium-ion batteries – were one of the major drivers of the battery boom.
As we have witnessed in Australia with the latest Tesla Powerwall rollout, lithium-ion battery costs are on a downward trajectory, from $900/kWh in 2010 to $225/kWh in 2015 and on track to reach lows of $150/kWh by 2020, according to Deutsche.
Tesla/Panasonic li-ion costs, the report notes, are already below $200/kWh for cells and around $225/kWh for the entire battery pack, making them a cheaper-than-grid option for solar households already, as reported here.
The other factor driving the boom, says Deutsche, is policy: “Regulatory environment will likely be a critical driver of storage adoption rates and contrary to consensus views, detrimental solar policies could potentially act as a significant growth catalyst for storage sector.
“We expect rules related to solar feed-in tariffs or net metering to continue to change as solar penetration rates increase,” the report says.
In Australia, the report offers by way of example, “it is estimated that buying power from the grid can be three times more expensive than the value of locally generated solar power exported to the grid.”
This is good news for Australian consumers, offering yet another reason to believe that our market will be a global leader in affordable battery storage.
But it could also be good news for the battery market in America – and the global market by association – with its newly elected President vowing to scrap clean energy support mechanisms and focus its funding on “non-phoney” environmental causes.
According to the report, distributed generation (DG) sources are estimated to displace more than 320GW of new large-scale power plants globally between 2014 and 2023 and new DG capacity additions could potentially exceed added centralised generation capacity by as early as 2018.
Monday, November 7, 2016
Printable micro-liquid solar cells come out
US scientists said that they recently developed a cheap and stable liquid solar cells. The battery, made of nanocrystals, is "very petite" and thus can be in the form of liquid ink that can be printed or applied to the surface of a clean substrate. The latest research published in the British Royal 6-meter-high price of solar energy home chemical society published in the international inorganic chemistry journal "Dalton Journal".
University of Southern California scientists developed 6 m rural solar street light This solar cell using nanocrystals made of semiconductor cadmium selenide, the size of about 4 nm, which means that a needle can be placed on the 250 billion, and its also Can float in a liquid solution. "Like printing newspapers, we can also print solar cells," said Richard Butcher, an associate professor of chemistry at the University of Southern California at the University of Southern California, who led the study.
Although liquid crystalline nanocrystalline solar cells are cheaper to manufacture than single-crystal silicon solar cells, which are widely used today, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is somewhat inferior. However, in the latest study, the researchers overcome the manufacturing of liquid solar cells face a key problem: how to create a stable and conductive liquid.
Previously, scientists needed to have organic ligand molecules attached to nanocrystals to keep the nanocrystals stable and prevent the two from sticking together. However, these organic ligand molecules will also be isolated from the crystal, so that the overall system of the conductive properties become very poor. "This has been a major challenge in this area," said Bucher.
To this end, Boucher and University of Southern California postdoctoral researcher David Webber developed a new surface coating for this nanocrystal. The new synthetic ligands not only perform well in stabilizing nanocrystals, but they also transform themselves into tiny "bridges" that connect nanocrystals and help them transfer current.
In addition, through a relatively low temperature, does not require any process related to melting, scientists can be this liquid too inverter solar cells printed on the plastic rather than the glass surface, and ultimately get a flexible solar panels , Its shape can be installed on-demand change in any place.
He next plans to use other materials, not toxic cadmium, to make nanocrystals, he said. "While it's going to take several years to commercialize this technology, it's clear that this technology can be seamlessly integrated with the next generation of solar cell technology," he said.
Regardless of the status of the global PV industry over the past two years, simply on the technical line, the crystal silicon still firmly occupy the leading status of photovoltaic rivers and lakes, therefore, a thin film technology is basically the same as printing newspapers, Battery technology, at this stage looks like the edge of the wheel of a wobble boat. However, just as many years ago, few people believe that rely on the sun can generate electricity, as if the liquid photovoltaic cells continue to break this as the current material, structure and photoelectric conversion efficiency problems, the future of commercial prospects or inestimable. After all, it has a range of applications in crystalline silicon cells do not have the breadth and flexibility, while the natural cost advantage, but also the latter efforts can not match a long time.
University of Southern California scientists developed 6 m rural solar street light This solar cell using nanocrystals made of semiconductor cadmium selenide, the size of about 4 nm, which means that a needle can be placed on the 250 billion, and its also Can float in a liquid solution. "Like printing newspapers, we can also print solar cells," said Richard Butcher, an associate professor of chemistry at the University of Southern California at the University of Southern California, who led the study.
Although liquid crystalline nanocrystalline solar cells are cheaper to manufacture than single-crystal silicon solar cells, which are widely used today, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is somewhat inferior. However, in the latest study, the researchers overcome the manufacturing of liquid solar cells face a key problem: how to create a stable and conductive liquid.
Previously, scientists needed to have organic ligand molecules attached to nanocrystals to keep the nanocrystals stable and prevent the two from sticking together. However, these organic ligand molecules will also be isolated from the crystal, so that the overall system of the conductive properties become very poor. "This has been a major challenge in this area," said Bucher.
To this end, Boucher and University of Southern California postdoctoral researcher David Webber developed a new surface coating for this nanocrystal. The new synthetic ligands not only perform well in stabilizing nanocrystals, but they also transform themselves into tiny "bridges" that connect nanocrystals and help them transfer current.
In addition, through a relatively low temperature, does not require any process related to melting, scientists can be this liquid too inverter solar cells printed on the plastic rather than the glass surface, and ultimately get a flexible solar panels , Its shape can be installed on-demand change in any place.
He next plans to use other materials, not toxic cadmium, to make nanocrystals, he said. "While it's going to take several years to commercialize this technology, it's clear that this technology can be seamlessly integrated with the next generation of solar cell technology," he said.
Regardless of the status of the global PV industry over the past two years, simply on the technical line, the crystal silicon still firmly occupy the leading status of photovoltaic rivers and lakes, therefore, a thin film technology is basically the same as printing newspapers, Battery technology, at this stage looks like the edge of the wheel of a wobble boat. However, just as many years ago, few people believe that rely on the sun can generate electricity, as if the liquid photovoltaic cells continue to break this as the current material, structure and photoelectric conversion efficiency problems, the future of commercial prospects or inestimable. After all, it has a range of applications in crystalline silicon cells do not have the breadth and flexibility, while the natural cost advantage, but also the latter efforts can not match a long time.
The second generation of solar electric sightseeing boat
Taiwan Kaohsiung steamship company recently spent 36 million yuan, will build five Love River second-generation solar electric sightseeing boat.
The second generation of circular streamlined body of the solar ship, full of fashion dazzling sense, visitors feel like being in the modern capsule, Kaohsiung steamship company said the ship solar charging system will be raised to 5 kilowatts, more than the first generation 3 kilowatts Nearly doubled, in addition to substantial increase in solar power generation, the solar energy directly to the energy storage system after the conversion efficiency of up to 94%, so that the second generation of solar energy sightseeing boat can play a high economic efficiency of carbon reduction.
Kaohsiung steamship company now has five solar PV module diode model can ship "sun fleet", in September 1999 after the army, the city government promised to build five solar ships, and now the second generation of solar ship construction case Has been approved by the Port Authority of Kaohsiung, is about to commence construction work, scheduled to be completed by the end of April the first second-generation solar ship, and then in May, June will gradually transfer the two ships, the company will have 10 Solar fleet, for domestic and foreign tourists to provide better quality of love River tourism and tourism services.
The company said that in order to increase the space utilization of the second generation of solar energy boat, the bridge will move forward, not only extend the sight of the captain driving the cabin space to enhance the use of the original seat by 36 people increased to 45 seats, To increase the number of passengers, reducing the waiting time for tourists.
The appearance of the second-generation solar boat, still continues the first generation of circular arc-shaped solar boat, both sides of the ship's cross-flow of the beautiful lines, simple outline of the cabin high-tech atmosphere of fashion. From the first generation of 18 to 22, the solar charging system from 3 kW to 5 kW of light 6 m solar street lamp parameters Volt trailer and more, the solar panel power increased to 14%, while 14% of the solar energy supply rate there is 94% high efficiency of utilization, will reduce the use of shore rechargeable energy.
Kaohsiung steamship company is also extremely hard, in addition to a highly efficient solar charging system, also has intelligent power balance system, when the solar energy on both sides of the battery unbalanced energy consumption, through the intelligent power Equilibrium system, adjustable on both sides of the battery balance, more energy than the first generation of solar energy-saving carbon. In addition, there are safe charging and safe disconnection system facilities, to avoid the battery overcharge and leakage of the danger, will ensure that solar energy-saving power and the operation of the ship safety.
Kaohsiung steamship company said that the second generation of five new solar ship is commissioned by the shipbuilding experience for more than 30 years of Jinghai Shipbuilding Company, the shipbuilding company in 1998 to build the company's first generation of solar ships, and developed the first Ship-designed R & D manufacturing of all-electric solar ship.
The second generation of circular streamlined body of the solar ship, full of fashion dazzling sense, visitors feel like being in the modern capsule, Kaohsiung steamship company said the ship solar charging system will be raised to 5 kilowatts, more than the first generation 3 kilowatts Nearly doubled, in addition to substantial increase in solar power generation, the solar energy directly to the energy storage system after the conversion efficiency of up to 94%, so that the second generation of solar energy sightseeing boat can play a high economic efficiency of carbon reduction.
Kaohsiung steamship company now has five solar PV module diode model can ship "sun fleet", in September 1999 after the army, the city government promised to build five solar ships, and now the second generation of solar ship construction case Has been approved by the Port Authority of Kaohsiung, is about to commence construction work, scheduled to be completed by the end of April the first second-generation solar ship, and then in May, June will gradually transfer the two ships, the company will have 10 Solar fleet, for domestic and foreign tourists to provide better quality of love River tourism and tourism services.
The company said that in order to increase the space utilization of the second generation of solar energy boat, the bridge will move forward, not only extend the sight of the captain driving the cabin space to enhance the use of the original seat by 36 people increased to 45 seats, To increase the number of passengers, reducing the waiting time for tourists.
The appearance of the second-generation solar boat, still continues the first generation of circular arc-shaped solar boat, both sides of the ship's cross-flow of the beautiful lines, simple outline of the cabin high-tech atmosphere of fashion. From the first generation of 18 to 22, the solar charging system from 3 kW to 5 kW of light 6 m solar street lamp parameters Volt trailer and more, the solar panel power increased to 14%, while 14% of the solar energy supply rate there is 94% high efficiency of utilization, will reduce the use of shore rechargeable energy.
Kaohsiung steamship company is also extremely hard, in addition to a highly efficient solar charging system, also has intelligent power balance system, when the solar energy on both sides of the battery unbalanced energy consumption, through the intelligent power Equilibrium system, adjustable on both sides of the battery balance, more energy than the first generation of solar energy-saving carbon. In addition, there are safe charging and safe disconnection system facilities, to avoid the battery overcharge and leakage of the danger, will ensure that solar energy-saving power and the operation of the ship safety.
Kaohsiung steamship company said that the second generation of five new solar ship is commissioned by the shipbuilding experience for more than 30 years of Jinghai Shipbuilding Company, the shipbuilding company in 1998 to build the company's first generation of solar ships, and developed the first Ship-designed R & D manufacturing of all-electric solar ship.
Three-dimensional design promotes solar cell efficiency
Santa Barbara, Calif., Has a company called Solar3D that plans to build a silicon solar cell that is more efficient than a conventional battery because it uses photovoltaic-coated fiber technology Of the trap concept. The company claims that its three-dimensional design can condense light into the silicon to be captured, giving the material more time to convert light into electrical energy.
Silicon has a theoretical maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency of 29%, but today the market of solar panels, efficiency is only 15% to 18%. "The 260-watt standard PV panel weighs in that it will be close to the theoretical efficiency of silicon," says Jim Nelson, chief executive of the company. "We can not reach 29 percent, People can use silicon to reach that high, but we want to be as close as possible. "
Solar 3D's design will overcome the two factors that reduce the efficiency of solar cells. First, 30% of the light that is directed to a solar panel is reflected and lost. Second, many of the electrons that are generated when light is applied to the silicon are reabsorbed by the material before reaching the peripheral circuit.
Nelson said the new design had trenches on top of the light collection layer, made of silicon dioxide or other similar materials; these trenches can guide the light down, helping to eliminate reflections. The lower layer is a three-dimensional array of structures each of several microns wide, trapped by a waveguide used in the analog fiber. The fiber has two cylindrical layers with different refractive indices, which continuously reflect light back into the core. Nelson said that this three-dimensional structure will allow light to bounce around until the photon produces as much electrons. "We also make the contacts very close to where this happens, so that the electrons do not have to move very far," he says.
There are also many other concepts of trapping. Another way to borrow fiber technology, is the fiber-optic solar cells, Georgia Tech (Georgia Tech) researchers have made, is dye-sensitized solar cell wound optical fiber. However, Nielsen said that the Solar 3D company's batteries are using the traditional silicon material, so their preparation can use existing production equipment, can also be put into the existing module.
Solar 3D is at a very early stage, when it begins, as venture capitalists dare not invest in solar technology because of the high start-up costs. But the company does not seek venture capital. Instead, its funds come from private investors, including Nelson, who has a financial background, but has a passion for renewable energy. Analysts said the company's success will depend on whether its manufacturing costs can win over traditional crystalline silicon technology. "It's very difficult for emerging technologies to gain a foothold in the market," says Matthew Feinstein, an analyst at Lux Research. "Banks' discountability is often a major problem because these technologies do not have reliable track records."
These technologies, like Solar 3D, are expected to be more efficient because they will make solar power cheaper, says Georgina Benedetti, who is a Frost & Sullivan (Frost & Sullivan) analyst. However, she said, "the industry's main challenge is the competition from the Chinese manufacturing industry." Chinese-made solar panels cheaper, coupled with cost control troubles, leading to Solinndra (Solyndra) , A solar panel manufacturer in Fremont, Calif., Recently declared bankruptcy and was previously backed by a US Department of Energy loan guarantee.
Silicon has a theoretical maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency of 29%, but today the market of solar panels, efficiency is only 15% to 18%. "The 260-watt standard PV panel weighs in that it will be close to the theoretical efficiency of silicon," says Jim Nelson, chief executive of the company. "We can not reach 29 percent, People can use silicon to reach that high, but we want to be as close as possible. "
Solar 3D's design will overcome the two factors that reduce the efficiency of solar cells. First, 30% of the light that is directed to a solar panel is reflected and lost. Second, many of the electrons that are generated when light is applied to the silicon are reabsorbed by the material before reaching the peripheral circuit.
Nelson said the new design had trenches on top of the light collection layer, made of silicon dioxide or other similar materials; these trenches can guide the light down, helping to eliminate reflections. The lower layer is a three-dimensional array of structures each of several microns wide, trapped by a waveguide used in the analog fiber. The fiber has two cylindrical layers with different refractive indices, which continuously reflect light back into the core. Nelson said that this three-dimensional structure will allow light to bounce around until the photon produces as much electrons. "We also make the contacts very close to where this happens, so that the electrons do not have to move very far," he says.
There are also many other concepts of trapping. Another way to borrow fiber technology, is the fiber-optic solar cells, Georgia Tech (Georgia Tech) researchers have made, is dye-sensitized solar cell wound optical fiber. However, Nielsen said that the Solar 3D company's batteries are using the traditional silicon material, so their preparation can use existing production equipment, can also be put into the existing module.
These technologies, like Solar 3D, are expected to be more efficient because they will make solar power cheaper, says Georgina Benedetti, who is a Frost & Sullivan (Frost & Sullivan) analyst. However, she said, "the industry's main challenge is the competition from the Chinese manufacturing industry." Chinese-made solar panels cheaper, coupled with cost control troubles, leading to Solinndra (Solyndra) , A solar panel manufacturer in Fremont, Calif., Recently declared bankruptcy and was previously backed by a US Department of Energy loan guarantee.
Quickly And Easily Build Your Own Long Lasting Solar And Wind Power Generators
That's right -- you're about to discover everything you need to know to personally produce your own electricity through solar and wind power...
With my A-Z step by step instructions, complete with color illustrations and pictures,you will be able to create electricity right in your very own backyard!
You know... most people are surprised when I tell them how affordable it would be for them to build their own wind or solar power generators.
Because... you see... you can build your own solar power generator or your own wind power generator right in your own backyard... all for less than $200. And anyone can do this as my thousands of happy customers have proved.
I got into this field because I am impassioned about our planet and environment and I always knew that I wanted to help people to become more self sufficient with their energy and to be able to power their homes -- right from their own homes...
Thermoelectric power generation showed great potential - pure sine wave inverter 5000w
Imagine, in the near future, to capture solar energy, no longer need expensive panels, just buy a few barrels of paint, painted on the roof, walls or any contact with the sun's surface, you can turn them into a huge solar energy solar panels.
One way to reduce electricity costs is to use ubiquitous free energy - sunlight. But first of all, you have to come up with a lot of money, experts come to your house to install heavy and inefficient solar panels on the roof. Now, there is a method of high-power inverter can use free solar energy, and do not have experts, do not have to spend big money to buy solar panels. If you only need to buy a bucket on the shop paint, spend an afternoon to paint the roof to buy their own new paint, and then please an electrician to connect the roof on the wire, you can make your home completely out of the grid to achieve energy self-sufficiency?
This is the promise of a new solar material promise. This material uses the temperature difference between the two sides of the material to produce current, once because of the efficiency is too low, expensive, is considered difficult for practical applications. But the new study found that thermoelectric power generation materials can save the solar energy industry, to solve the deadly light-electricity conversion efficiency of the panel. Thermoelectric generation materials can help solar panels out of the trough, play a greater use, but on the other hand, they may also lead to the decline of the battery.
As early as half a century ago, people have begun to dream of thermoelectric power generation materials and solar materials combined. In 1954, solar pioneer Maria Turks with a thermoelectric power generation materials to absorb solar heat, and the success of heat energy into electricity. Material side of the thermal energy to release the electron flow to the lower side of the temperature, resulting in a high temperature side of the positive, the lower the temperature side of the negative. Turks succeeded in generating the current in this way, but only a little. The efficiency of photo-electricity conversion is very low, the most successful one-time experimental conversion rate is only 1%, which is the silicon solar panels at the time the efficiency difference is not much. However, by the end of the 1950s, the efficiency of silicon solar cells doubled to 6-8%, while the efficiency of solar thermal power generation materials remained at 1% .Therefore, the nascent solar industry quickly abandoned this Technology, vigorously develop silicon solar panels. 70 to 80 years of the last century, a large number of silicon solar panels began to appear on the roof.
In the next few decades, thermoelectric power generation materials are almost completely ignored. In addition to poor power generation efficiency, this material itself - the raw materials are usually used bismuth telluride and other rare elements - expensive, relative to humble output is not worth. Only in extremely rare cases can they be adopted without any other choice. For example, in the "Traveler" space probe, the thermoelectric power generation material using a small piece of radioactive material and the cold outer space temperature difference for the detector to provide power.
Photovoltaic panel intelligent cleaning robot However, shortly after the development of silicon solar panels also suffered bottlenecks. Although the researchers tried every means, today the sale of photovoltaic solar panels efficiency is still between 15% to 20%. This is related to how they convert sunlight into electrical energy. When the light irradiation solar cell surface, a part of the photon absorption by the silicon material; photon energy transfer to the silicon atoms, so that electrons move to form the current. But the problem is that the photon must carry the right amount of energy. Exceeding this energy range can cause problems. If the photons carry too much energy - such as the energy carried by high-energy ultraviolet light - their heat can cause material chaos. On the other hand, if photons carry too little energy - such as photons of microwaves or infrared light - to pass directly through the panel, they do not react with any electrons.
Unfortunately, these low-energy photons account for nearly half of the solar spectrum, so the efficiency of solar panels can not exceed 50% .Worse still, high-energy photon photovoltaic materials will cause damage to the electronic structure: under high heat electron Began to scurry around, rather than orderly flow. Therefore, about half of the solar photons can not be used, a small number of energy sufficient photon but will affect the efficiency of the panel. Although the side effects of overheating of the panels can be reduced by cooling. But this will lead to cost and volume increases, the cooling process also need to consume energy, constitute a limit photovoltaic solar panels efficiency of the three enemies.
Perhaps with thermoelectric power generation materials to help solve these problems? In 2007, Chen Gang of Massachusetts Institute of Technology began to think whether to re-excavate this has long been neglected materials, solar cells to help make full use of a variety of wavelengths of sunlight.
This is a tempting idea. Theoretically also been confirmed. Combined with thermoelectric power generation materials and photovoltaic materials, solar cells can divert high-energy photons, thereby cooling the battery, and the thermoelectric power generation materials can capture low-energy photon power generation, make full use of all the sun.
Theoretically, the best way to combine the two materials is "split-spectrum solar cells." It is similar to traffic (here xx instead, you know), according to the wavelength of the sun will be separated. According to Chen's calculations, similar to the efficiency of hybrid silicon solar cells will be standard 1.5 times, such a leap may eventually make solar energy prices in competition with fossil fuels. But there is the question: "To achieve 'spectral splitting' requires a solar concentrator and a dichroic prism." The added cost is already higher than the efficiency gains.
Perhaps a better choice is a simpler thing. Instead of building a complex structure to divert low-energy photons, why not let them go straight through the solar cell into the underlying thermoelectric generation layer? And then the following cooling pipe can absorb the high-energy photon heat. The hot plate and cold water provide the ideal temperature difference for the thermoelectric power generation layer in the middle. But even so, the excess energy captured by the thermoelectric power generation layer is still insufficient to cover the cost of the material. Must solve the most fundamental problem: thermoelectric power generation materials are expensive prices.
Its power generation is also the culprit leading to inefficiency. As the material heats up, the electrons move away from the atom and migrate to the cold side. Difficulty is to maintain the temperature difference between the two sides of the material. The electron is not the only thing that penetrates the material: heat travels in the form of photons, passing from one atom to another. The cold side will soon heat up because of heat conduction, this time, the electron will no longer flow in a particular direction, but disorderly scurrying. Of course no longer generate electricity.
In half a century, this problem has not been resolved. Until the emergence of nanotechnology. Now, researchers can control the structure of the material from the finest levels.
In the crystalline material such as silicon, all the atoms are arranged in an orderly manner. So that electrons and photons can be unimpeded through. On the other hand, in a material such as a glass or the like having a disordered arrangement of atoms, the flow of electrons and photons is hindered. Nanotechnology allows the creation of synthetic materials that allow only electrons (rather than photons) to pass through. Yin Huiming and Yang Dajiang of Columbia University in New York used a quantum dot base material. Quantum dot materials were born about 30 years ago, like traditional solar cells, it can capture light energy, into electricity. It can make the efficiency of ordinary thermoelectric power generation materials close to double. Caught in the middle of the water-cooled photovoltaic power generation system, this material can improve the efficiency of solar cells to more than 50%.
Charles Stafford of the University of Arizona, in creating a similar device in the process realized that there is a possibility, it may even reshape the entire solar energy industry. If you can completely abandon the critical of the photovoltaic cells? If you can find a high-efficiency solar capture material, which completely replace the solar cells? If it is cheap enough, it does not matter if its peak efficiency is less than 50%.
To this end, he must abandon the semiconductor, looking for a new material. He found a polymer called polyphenylene ether may meet the requirements. "They're cheap," he says, "and you can buy a few cans and brush on any surface that can be sunlit." Stafford says he can process the molecules of the material and interfere with the flow of photons, Electrons through. He estimated that this new material can be 20% to 25% of the photons into electricity, the efficiency of today's thermoelectric power generation materials 6 times. If he succeeds, the results will be staggering. Photovoltaic solar cells may be eliminated from this.
Many researchers have seen the prospect of solar coatings. Canadian nanotechnology researcher Ted Sargent years ago began to study solar energy coatings. The key material in his paint is also the quantum dot. The biggest advantage of this coating is the low price. Covering 1 square meter of film only need 15 to 20 dollars. When making coatings, heat the industrial olive oil first, then add the main raw materials - tin, bismuth, lead, sulfur and selenium - and wait for the quantum dot to form. The finished product is like an oily black ink, but there are quantum dots that are several nanometers across and each is a small crystal. Sargent's team in 2005 proved that quantum dots not only capture the energy of visible light, but also capture the energy of infrared light, and half of the solar energy arrived in the Earth is carried by infrared light. Sargent's solar technology is not yet mature, but has attracted to the rich and poor investors. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) is one of the few schools in the Arab world that has invested heavily in attracting the world's top talent. Sargent has been working with KAUST since 2008. KAUST has invested $ 10 million in his research. And access to this technology in the Middle East, West Asia, Russia, India and other 38 countries the right to use.
University of Notre Dame researchers in solar coatings research also made a breakthrough. They created a kind of semiconductor nanoparticles capable of producing electrical energy. "We want innovation to move away from today's silicon-based solar technology," said Pratacam Carter, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Notre Dame's Center for Nanotechnology for Chemistry and Photovoltaics. "By combining nanoparticles and a smearing material , We have created a solar coating that can be applied to any conductive surface. "
The research team after repeated trials, and finally selected the titanium dioxide nanoparticles, wrapped in cadmium sulphide or cadmium selenide, and finally add water and alcohol, forming a paste. Smear on a transparent conductive material, exposed to sunlight, can generate electricity. "The best optical-to-electrical conversion efficiency is now only 1%, well below the 10 to 15% of silicon solar cells," explains Karte, "but the cost of this coating is low and can be mass-produced, Optical-to-electrical conversion efficiency, we may be able to change the way the future of energy access. "
In fact, this day may be in sight. In May 2011, Chen Gang published a paper, indicating that solar panels without solar power systems will soon become a reality: This is because the thermoelectric power generation materials provide a new way of gathering solar energy. Until now, small-scale roof solar panels still can not achieve this. Because the gathering sunlight requires a complex lens system to track the sun's trajectory, it is too expensive to use only commercial-scale solar power stations.
However, the gathering sunlight is very simple, a piece of copper into the sun can be done. The copper into the cheap glass vacuum cover, can be trapped in the heat within the cover, only need to be a small piece of thermoelectric power generation material attached to the back of the copper can be heat into electricity. Even with the use of conventional thermoelectric generation materials, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can reach an unprecedented 5% .If the material cost is low enough, even if such efficiency is worth producing. If the efficiency of thermoelectric power generation materials has increased, photovoltaic solar cells may soon be replaced.
One way to reduce electricity costs is to use ubiquitous free energy - sunlight. But first of all, you have to come up with a lot of money, experts come to your house to install heavy and inefficient solar panels on the roof. Now, there is a method of high-power inverter can use free solar energy, and do not have experts, do not have to spend big money to buy solar panels. If you only need to buy a bucket on the shop paint, spend an afternoon to paint the roof to buy their own new paint, and then please an electrician to connect the roof on the wire, you can make your home completely out of the grid to achieve energy self-sufficiency?
This is the promise of a new solar material promise. This material uses the temperature difference between the two sides of the material to produce current, once because of the efficiency is too low, expensive, is considered difficult for practical applications. But the new study found that thermoelectric power generation materials can save the solar energy industry, to solve the deadly light-electricity conversion efficiency of the panel. Thermoelectric generation materials can help solar panels out of the trough, play a greater use, but on the other hand, they may also lead to the decline of the battery.
In the next few decades, thermoelectric power generation materials are almost completely ignored. In addition to poor power generation efficiency, this material itself - the raw materials are usually used bismuth telluride and other rare elements - expensive, relative to humble output is not worth. Only in extremely rare cases can they be adopted without any other choice. For example, in the "Traveler" space probe, the thermoelectric power generation material using a small piece of radioactive material and the cold outer space temperature difference for the detector to provide power.
Photovoltaic panel intelligent cleaning robot However, shortly after the development of silicon solar panels also suffered bottlenecks. Although the researchers tried every means, today the sale of photovoltaic solar panels efficiency is still between 15% to 20%. This is related to how they convert sunlight into electrical energy. When the light irradiation solar cell surface, a part of the photon absorption by the silicon material; photon energy transfer to the silicon atoms, so that electrons move to form the current. But the problem is that the photon must carry the right amount of energy. Exceeding this energy range can cause problems. If the photons carry too much energy - such as the energy carried by high-energy ultraviolet light - their heat can cause material chaos. On the other hand, if photons carry too little energy - such as photons of microwaves or infrared light - to pass directly through the panel, they do not react with any electrons.
Unfortunately, these low-energy photons account for nearly half of the solar spectrum, so the efficiency of solar panels can not exceed 50% .Worse still, high-energy photon photovoltaic materials will cause damage to the electronic structure: under high heat electron Began to scurry around, rather than orderly flow. Therefore, about half of the solar photons can not be used, a small number of energy sufficient photon but will affect the efficiency of the panel. Although the side effects of overheating of the panels can be reduced by cooling. But this will lead to cost and volume increases, the cooling process also need to consume energy, constitute a limit photovoltaic solar panels efficiency of the three enemies.
Perhaps with thermoelectric power generation materials to help solve these problems? In 2007, Chen Gang of Massachusetts Institute of Technology began to think whether to re-excavate this has long been neglected materials, solar cells to help make full use of a variety of wavelengths of sunlight.
Theoretically, the best way to combine the two materials is "split-spectrum solar cells." It is similar to traffic (here xx instead, you know), according to the wavelength of the sun will be separated. According to Chen's calculations, similar to the efficiency of hybrid silicon solar cells will be standard 1.5 times, such a leap may eventually make solar energy prices in competition with fossil fuels. But there is the question: "To achieve 'spectral splitting' requires a solar concentrator and a dichroic prism." The added cost is already higher than the efficiency gains.
Perhaps a better choice is a simpler thing. Instead of building a complex structure to divert low-energy photons, why not let them go straight through the solar cell into the underlying thermoelectric generation layer? And then the following cooling pipe can absorb the high-energy photon heat. The hot plate and cold water provide the ideal temperature difference for the thermoelectric power generation layer in the middle. But even so, the excess energy captured by the thermoelectric power generation layer is still insufficient to cover the cost of the material. Must solve the most fundamental problem: thermoelectric power generation materials are expensive prices.
Its power generation is also the culprit leading to inefficiency. As the material heats up, the electrons move away from the atom and migrate to the cold side. Difficulty is to maintain the temperature difference between the two sides of the material. The electron is not the only thing that penetrates the material: heat travels in the form of photons, passing from one atom to another. The cold side will soon heat up because of heat conduction, this time, the electron will no longer flow in a particular direction, but disorderly scurrying. Of course no longer generate electricity.
In half a century, this problem has not been resolved. Until the emergence of nanotechnology. Now, researchers can control the structure of the material from the finest levels.
In the crystalline material such as silicon, all the atoms are arranged in an orderly manner. So that electrons and photons can be unimpeded through. On the other hand, in a material such as a glass or the like having a disordered arrangement of atoms, the flow of electrons and photons is hindered. Nanotechnology allows the creation of synthetic materials that allow only electrons (rather than photons) to pass through. Yin Huiming and Yang Dajiang of Columbia University in New York used a quantum dot base material. Quantum dot materials were born about 30 years ago, like traditional solar cells, it can capture light energy, into electricity. It can make the efficiency of ordinary thermoelectric power generation materials close to double. Caught in the middle of the water-cooled photovoltaic power generation system, this material can improve the efficiency of solar cells to more than 50%.
Charles Stafford of the University of Arizona, in creating a similar device in the process realized that there is a possibility, it may even reshape the entire solar energy industry. If you can completely abandon the critical of the photovoltaic cells? If you can find a high-efficiency solar capture material, which completely replace the solar cells? If it is cheap enough, it does not matter if its peak efficiency is less than 50%.
To this end, he must abandon the semiconductor, looking for a new material. He found a polymer called polyphenylene ether may meet the requirements. "They're cheap," he says, "and you can buy a few cans and brush on any surface that can be sunlit." Stafford says he can process the molecules of the material and interfere with the flow of photons, Electrons through. He estimated that this new material can be 20% to 25% of the photons into electricity, the efficiency of today's thermoelectric power generation materials 6 times. If he succeeds, the results will be staggering. Photovoltaic solar cells may be eliminated from this.
Many researchers have seen the prospect of solar coatings. Canadian nanotechnology researcher Ted Sargent years ago began to study solar energy coatings. The key material in his paint is also the quantum dot. The biggest advantage of this coating is the low price. Covering 1 square meter of film only need 15 to 20 dollars. When making coatings, heat the industrial olive oil first, then add the main raw materials - tin, bismuth, lead, sulfur and selenium - and wait for the quantum dot to form. The finished product is like an oily black ink, but there are quantum dots that are several nanometers across and each is a small crystal. Sargent's team in 2005 proved that quantum dots not only capture the energy of visible light, but also capture the energy of infrared light, and half of the solar energy arrived in the Earth is carried by infrared light. Sargent's solar technology is not yet mature, but has attracted to the rich and poor investors. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) is one of the few schools in the Arab world that has invested heavily in attracting the world's top talent. Sargent has been working with KAUST since 2008. KAUST has invested $ 10 million in his research. And access to this technology in the Middle East, West Asia, Russia, India and other 38 countries the right to use.
University of Notre Dame researchers in solar coatings research also made a breakthrough. They created a kind of semiconductor nanoparticles capable of producing electrical energy. "We want innovation to move away from today's silicon-based solar technology," said Pratacam Carter, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Notre Dame's Center for Nanotechnology for Chemistry and Photovoltaics. "By combining nanoparticles and a smearing material , We have created a solar coating that can be applied to any conductive surface. "
The research team after repeated trials, and finally selected the titanium dioxide nanoparticles, wrapped in cadmium sulphide or cadmium selenide, and finally add water and alcohol, forming a paste. Smear on a transparent conductive material, exposed to sunlight, can generate electricity. "The best optical-to-electrical conversion efficiency is now only 1%, well below the 10 to 15% of silicon solar cells," explains Karte, "but the cost of this coating is low and can be mass-produced, Optical-to-electrical conversion efficiency, we may be able to change the way the future of energy access. "
In fact, this day may be in sight. In May 2011, Chen Gang published a paper, indicating that solar panels without solar power systems will soon become a reality: This is because the thermoelectric power generation materials provide a new way of gathering solar energy. Until now, small-scale roof solar panels still can not achieve this. Because the gathering sunlight requires a complex lens system to track the sun's trajectory, it is too expensive to use only commercial-scale solar power stations.
However, the gathering sunlight is very simple, a piece of copper into the sun can be done. The copper into the cheap glass vacuum cover, can be trapped in the heat within the cover, only need to be a small piece of thermoelectric power generation material attached to the back of the copper can be heat into electricity. Even with the use of conventional thermoelectric generation materials, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can reach an unprecedented 5% .If the material cost is low enough, even if such efficiency is worth producing. If the efficiency of thermoelectric power generation materials has increased, photovoltaic solar cells may soon be replaced.
Thursday, November 3, 2016
Solar Power Storage Components
In addition to the solar power batteries
itself, a frame, a support plate, and a sealing resin capable of
withstanding wind and rain, dust and temperature changes, and even a
hail attack must be used for the solar power battery which is normally
installed outdoors. Protection, and is now studying the structure of
various solar power battery components. Laminated structure, is placed
in the back of the solar cell as a component of the lining of the lining
plate, with a transparent resin on the solar cell sealed the support
plate using fiber reinforced plastic and so on.
In front of the mother is the most commonly used super-light structure, in the solar power battery the light-emitting surface of a transparent substrate as a component of the support plate, under the fill material and the back cover material solar cells sealed. The top transparent glass, Good use of transparency and impact strength are good tempered white glass, the filling material is mainly used in the UV light transmittance attenuation of small polyethylene butyral and good moisture resistance of ethylene vinyl acetate. The use of metal aluminum with polyvinyl fluoride structure dragon sandwich structure, solar power generation has moisture resistance and high insulation.
In addition, the application of a particularly high reliability requirements, the development of a new package, that is, between the two pieces of glass plate with the resin to seal the solar power battery. With the progress of amorphous silicon solar cells, With the same crystalline silicon solar cell super-smooth package, the integrated solar cell substrate glass directly used as a light-receiving surface protection board, solar power generator the unit cell connections do not have wires, so the components can make the assembly process has become particularly simple , Has been in the trial 10-40cm size rectangular integrated solar cells.In addition, the component type is also under study in the future such as the development of a larger area of solar cells to make progress, then a single substrate type of component is more appropriate, This can further reduce the cost of the components.
Large area integrated solar power batteries such as the use of the metal mask shown, wet etching method or dry etching method is more difficult, and the author developed the laser lithography is more effective.Especially the use of excitation. It is possible to make the integrated type amorphous silicon solar cell module from the formation of the transparent electrode to the assembly of the assembly continuously, and this is promising from the standpoint of industrial production of solar cells, Power of amorphous silicon, monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon solar cell components, which is a single substrate type large area amorphous silicon solar cells.
Lists the amorphous silicon, monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon variety of power with the specifications of solar modules, single crystal solar power battery components and amorphous La solar modules and the relationship between the temperature and the relationship between light intensity, Components and unit cell temperature coefficient is different, because the components include the wiring part of the factors, solar power portable generator the figure shows, amorphous silicon solar modules and monocrystalline silicon solar modules, the output of the relationship between the temperature is small, the conversion The efficiency decreases with the light intensity, and is smaller in the linear range than that of monocrystalline silicon.
The article from:http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/solar-power-storage-components.html
In front of the mother is the most commonly used super-light structure, in the solar power battery the light-emitting surface of a transparent substrate as a component of the support plate, under the fill material and the back cover material solar cells sealed. The top transparent glass, Good use of transparency and impact strength are good tempered white glass, the filling material is mainly used in the UV light transmittance attenuation of small polyethylene butyral and good moisture resistance of ethylene vinyl acetate. The use of metal aluminum with polyvinyl fluoride structure dragon sandwich structure, solar power generation has moisture resistance and high insulation.
In addition, the application of a particularly high reliability requirements, the development of a new package, that is, between the two pieces of glass plate with the resin to seal the solar power battery. With the progress of amorphous silicon solar cells, With the same crystalline silicon solar cell super-smooth package, the integrated solar cell substrate glass directly used as a light-receiving surface protection board, solar power generator the unit cell connections do not have wires, so the components can make the assembly process has become particularly simple , Has been in the trial 10-40cm size rectangular integrated solar cells.In addition, the component type is also under study in the future such as the development of a larger area of solar cells to make progress, then a single substrate type of component is more appropriate, This can further reduce the cost of the components.
Large area integrated solar power batteries such as the use of the metal mask shown, wet etching method or dry etching method is more difficult, and the author developed the laser lithography is more effective.Especially the use of excitation. It is possible to make the integrated type amorphous silicon solar cell module from the formation of the transparent electrode to the assembly of the assembly continuously, and this is promising from the standpoint of industrial production of solar cells, Power of amorphous silicon, monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon solar cell components, which is a single substrate type large area amorphous silicon solar cells.
Lists the amorphous silicon, monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon variety of power with the specifications of solar modules, single crystal solar power battery components and amorphous La solar modules and the relationship between the temperature and the relationship between light intensity, Components and unit cell temperature coefficient is different, because the components include the wiring part of the factors, solar power portable generator the figure shows, amorphous silicon solar modules and monocrystalline silicon solar modules, the output of the relationship between the temperature is small, the conversion The efficiency decreases with the light intensity, and is smaller in the linear range than that of monocrystalline silicon.
The article from:http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/solar-power-storage-components.html
Solar Power Batery Constitute
From smaller solar cells, such as calculators and watches, to
large-scale bromine used in solar power generation systems, it is
necessary to operate at a constant voltage or current for a long time
under certain circumstances. The solar cell is a combination of a
plurality of solar cell elements connected in series or in parallel so
that a certain voltage can be obtained, and at the same time, a support
plate, a filler, a paint and the like, which can withstand the natural
environmental conditions for a long period of time, Is called a solar
cell module, and has various shapes of solar power batteries modules in accordance with the purpose, purpose, scale, and solar power battery type of solar power.
To drive calculators, watches, radios, tape recorders, televisions, chargers, electronic products, generally Pan 1.5V to tens of volts, and a single solar cell voltage is less than 1V, so to drive these electronic products, A series of solar cell components connected in series to achieve the required voltage, a people's livelihood with crystalline silicon solar cell components of the structure is arranged in the solar cell components, connected in series components can be seen as driving electronic devices, requires a certain high-pressure, And the assembly method there is a problem of high cost, too many wiring points; from the point of view of reliability point of the folder too many points is detrimental.
The other is the amorphous silicon solar power batteries because amorphous silicon is formed by gas reaction, it is easy to form a thin film on a single substrate to facilitate a number of unit cells connected in series to obtain a higher power output; this is the author First developed into the integrated amorphous silicon solar cells. The unit cells formed on an insulating substrate are appropriately etched and the adjacent unit cells are connected in series with each other by a transparent electrode and a back electrode so as to obtain a high voltage. The I-type is formed on the end of the insulating substrate The unit cells are connected in series, and the etching of the amorphous film can be easily performed in the entirety except for the connecting portions of the end portions, and the type II shown is connected in series at the edge portions of the respective unit cells, Power loss due to the resistance of the transparent electrode.
Therefore, for solar power batteries mainly used in fluorescent lamps as low-power electronic devices such as calculators, the structure of the integrated solar cell type I is used, and for those devices mainly used in sunlight such as watches, radios, chargers and the like , An integrated type solar cell type II structure is generally used to reduce the power loss caused by the resistance of the transparent electrode, and the integrated type amorphous silicon solar cell in which a plurality of amorphous silicon solar cells are formed on one substrate The lifepo4 battery is called a subassembly.
Developed for the watch, calculator, radio, charger and other devices in the integrated amorphous silicon solar cell components.From the photo shows, integrated amorphous silicon solar cells can be made into various gods shape.
In addition, recently appeared in the figure shown in the laminated (multi-layer structure) solar cells, which overlap in the vertical direction of several layers of solar cells, and give full play to the amorphous gui solar cell preparation features are being developed 2-3 Layer structure of the solar power battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and chargers, solar power portable generator which are used in the solar cell of the two-layer structure of the calculator, have been put into practical use. Respectively, in fluorescent lamps 200IX, tungsten filament lamp 1000 IX, solar AM-1 100mW / CM2 characteristics.
The article from:http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/solar-power-batery-constitute.html
To drive calculators, watches, radios, tape recorders, televisions, chargers, electronic products, generally Pan 1.5V to tens of volts, and a single solar cell voltage is less than 1V, so to drive these electronic products, A series of solar cell components connected in series to achieve the required voltage, a people's livelihood with crystalline silicon solar cell components of the structure is arranged in the solar cell components, connected in series components can be seen as driving electronic devices, requires a certain high-pressure, And the assembly method there is a problem of high cost, too many wiring points; from the point of view of reliability point of the folder too many points is detrimental.
The other is the amorphous silicon solar power batteries because amorphous silicon is formed by gas reaction, it is easy to form a thin film on a single substrate to facilitate a number of unit cells connected in series to obtain a higher power output; this is the author First developed into the integrated amorphous silicon solar cells. The unit cells formed on an insulating substrate are appropriately etched and the adjacent unit cells are connected in series with each other by a transparent electrode and a back electrode so as to obtain a high voltage. The I-type is formed on the end of the insulating substrate The unit cells are connected in series, and the etching of the amorphous film can be easily performed in the entirety except for the connecting portions of the end portions, and the type II shown is connected in series at the edge portions of the respective unit cells, Power loss due to the resistance of the transparent electrode.
Therefore, for solar power batteries mainly used in fluorescent lamps as low-power electronic devices such as calculators, the structure of the integrated solar cell type I is used, and for those devices mainly used in sunlight such as watches, radios, chargers and the like , An integrated type solar cell type II structure is generally used to reduce the power loss caused by the resistance of the transparent electrode, and the integrated type amorphous silicon solar cell in which a plurality of amorphous silicon solar cells are formed on one substrate The lifepo4 battery is called a subassembly.
Developed for the watch, calculator, radio, charger and other devices in the integrated amorphous silicon solar cell components.From the photo shows, integrated amorphous silicon solar cells can be made into various gods shape.
In addition, recently appeared in the figure shown in the laminated (multi-layer structure) solar cells, which overlap in the vertical direction of several layers of solar cells, and give full play to the amorphous gui solar cell preparation features are being developed 2-3 Layer structure of the solar power battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and chargers, solar power portable generator which are used in the solar cell of the two-layer structure of the calculator, have been put into practical use. Respectively, in fluorescent lamps 200IX, tungsten filament lamp 1000 IX, solar AM-1 100mW / CM2 characteristics.
The article from:http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/solar-power-batery-constitute.html
Test Method For Reliability Of Solar Cells
When solar cells are used in solar power generator
systems, the number of series connections is large. If a part of the
incident light is blocked, the reverse bias voltage applied to the solar
cell is large, and the shadow effect must be considered. To prevent the
shadow effect from reversing A diode is connected in parallel to each
solar cell, and a diode is generally attached to a commercially
available product, and a short-circuit state and an open state are often
caused when the lifePo4 batteries are used, but the short-circuit state of the solar cell is different from other batteries , The following discussion on this.
General batteries and secondary batteries and DC power supply, due to its internal resistance is low, the battery's positive and negative short-circuit, resulting in instantaneous high current, the battery will be overheated and damaged.But the solar battery than these internal resistance , Even if the long-term short-term treatment will not have any effect, it will not affect the continued use; placed in the open state, the ordinary dry batteries and DC power supply characteristics of the same will not have any effect. So the solar cells can short- Open-circuit placed under these two states, is a very easy to use power supply.
There are two kinds of solar cell reliability test, one for components used in electronic products (calculators, etc.), and the other for the outdoor power components for the current, the two gods are not uniform approach, the Manufacturers and users are in accordance with their own methods, for electricity, and now countries want to make this test standardized for electronic products, solar cells, the standard test benchmarks through these tests can determine whether the solar power battery And is subjected to a condition of use as a general electronic component.
For electrical components, the three main test methods developed by the official agency are listed in the current reliability tests, which are reviewed by the Japan Society of Electrical Engineers for a tentative reliability test and the American Jet Propulsion Laboratory Quality Test method and the reliability of the Institute of Solar Energy test method, there is no significant difference between them and now on the market sales of solar cells is so rigorous testing, is considered qualified, highly reliable. A representative reliability test method for electronic products and components for solar power generator systems is introduced.
Temperature and humidity cycle test
The test method is to strictly ensure that the water will not be soaked, the immersion of moisture on the semiconductor components is the most troublesome, 95% relative humidity in the humidity atmosphere, the temperature cycle, usually in the cycle of change 10 times The test is then typically carried out by maintaining the sample at a temperature in the range of 70 to 90℃ in a high temperature and at a temperature in the range of a low temperature of 20 to 40 ° C. Other relevant temperatures , The humidity test method has the following will be introduced to the thermal shock test and high temperature and high preservation, low temperature preservation, but the temperature and humidity cycle is the most demanding.
Thermal shock test
This test is to the sample from high to low temperature, and then over the folder, so that it undergoes a sharp titer change.Has said that the solar power batteries temperature and low temperature constant temperature between the back and forth, in a few minutes to produce larger temperature, which is to understand the different thermal expansion coefficient caused by the stress on the performance of solar power batteries.
General batteries and secondary batteries and DC power supply, due to its internal resistance is low, the battery's positive and negative short-circuit, resulting in instantaneous high current, the battery will be overheated and damaged.But the solar battery than these internal resistance , Even if the long-term short-term treatment will not have any effect, it will not affect the continued use; placed in the open state, the ordinary dry batteries and DC power supply characteristics of the same will not have any effect. So the solar cells can short- Open-circuit placed under these two states, is a very easy to use power supply.
There are two kinds of solar cell reliability test, one for components used in electronic products (calculators, etc.), and the other for the outdoor power components for the current, the two gods are not uniform approach, the Manufacturers and users are in accordance with their own methods, for electricity, and now countries want to make this test standardized for electronic products, solar cells, the standard test benchmarks through these tests can determine whether the solar power battery And is subjected to a condition of use as a general electronic component.
For electrical components, the three main test methods developed by the official agency are listed in the current reliability tests, which are reviewed by the Japan Society of Electrical Engineers for a tentative reliability test and the American Jet Propulsion Laboratory Quality Test method and the reliability of the Institute of Solar Energy test method, there is no significant difference between them and now on the market sales of solar cells is so rigorous testing, is considered qualified, highly reliable. A representative reliability test method for electronic products and components for solar power generator systems is introduced.
Temperature and humidity cycle test
The test method is to strictly ensure that the water will not be soaked, the immersion of moisture on the semiconductor components is the most troublesome, 95% relative humidity in the humidity atmosphere, the temperature cycle, usually in the cycle of change 10 times The test is then typically carried out by maintaining the sample at a temperature in the range of 70 to 90℃ in a high temperature and at a temperature in the range of a low temperature of 20 to 40 ° C. Other relevant temperatures , The humidity test method has the following will be introduced to the thermal shock test and high temperature and high preservation, low temperature preservation, but the temperature and humidity cycle is the most demanding.
Thermal shock test
This test is to the sample from high to low temperature, and then over the folder, so that it undergoes a sharp titer change.Has said that the solar power batteries temperature and low temperature constant temperature between the back and forth, in a few minutes to produce larger temperature, which is to understand the different thermal expansion coefficient caused by the stress on the performance of solar power batteries.
The article from:http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/test-method-for-reliability-of-solar-cells.html
Hail Type Impact Test For Solar Power Battery
This test is to determine whether the solar power batteries
module will be damaged due to the impact of hail, hail in Japan because
of very little, the need to test the face of this situation can be
considered according to the body of the body to allow ice hockey or ball
from a certain height drop to the sun. The four corners or edges of the
cell, the edge of the cell, especially the area around the electrode,
the gap between the unit cell and the cell, and so on are easily
affected by the hail. The test conditions of the ice hockey were as
follows: the diameter of the ice hock was 25 mm, and the final speed of
the ice hock was 22 m/s, and the speed of the hockey ball was measured
by an optoelectronic device using an air gun driven by a pneumatic
spring. The use of solar power batteries in hail-pool areas is a
consideration of this test.
Pressure - stress test
This test is to study the reliability of the positive or negative pressure cycle change caused by wind, snow, hail, etc. The twist test, because after the installation of solar modules fixed by external forces, such as wind,pressure and other deformation, distortion test is to study the solar battery components can withstand much deformation, the solar cell module at the three fixed, the other end of its position ± 20mm/ mch repeated several times. Twist test schematic. Insulation test, the The test is to set the solar battery and component peripheral devices for the purpose of reliability test between the reliability of the components plus 1000v DC voltage and maintain 1 minute, the test source current is below 1mA, at this time with special attention to the arc , Flashing (discharge along the insulator surface or direct discharge, etc.) phenomenon.
Light irradiation test
This test is to test the reliability of solar cell components on the sun (especially ultraviolet), the United States Department of Energy Solar Energy Research Institute summary of the test conditions are based on the identification of UV light intensity to determine.
Outdoor exposure test
In this test, the solar power generator modules were placed outdoors in the same conditions as in the normal service conditions, and the characteristics of the solar cell modules were measured at regular intervals, and the environmental impact during actual use was examined. In addition, various reliability tests To compare with the outdoor exposure test, determine the acceleration factor, so this is an important reliability experiment.
Accelerated exposure test
The outdoor exposure test described above is the best way to detect life expectancy, but it is time consuming, so it is necessary to accelerate the exposure outside the human eye so that in order to estimate their life span in a short time, The purpose of the test was to simulate the rain condition by irradiating the solar battery for solar power generator module with a carbon arc or a xenon lamp as a simulation light of a large sunlight at regular intervals and to study the change of its characteristics. Called weather resistance tester.
Hot spot aging test
When a part of the solar cell module is partially shielded, the unit cell which is covered with the solar power battery module sometimes generates a hot spot due to the crack or the stripping of the antireflective film. This test is to confirm whether the solar cell module has sufficient durability to prevent such heat (45-49 ° C), and then the incident light is intermittently applied to a portion of the solar cell module, and the test is conducted for a period of time , For example, about 100 hours.This method has recently been included in the reliability test project.
Other reliability tests
In addition to the above tests, there are salt fog tests and the like, which are necessary for solar industrial batteries used at sea (lighthouses, etc.), and the above-described typical wall-resistance test methods are described above, For the use of the bell for the reliability test.
Pressure - stress test
This test is to study the reliability of the positive or negative pressure cycle change caused by wind, snow, hail, etc. The twist test, because after the installation of solar modules fixed by external forces, such as wind,pressure and other deformation, distortion test is to study the solar battery components can withstand much deformation, the solar cell module at the three fixed, the other end of its position ± 20mm/ mch repeated several times. Twist test schematic. Insulation test, the The test is to set the solar battery and component peripheral devices for the purpose of reliability test between the reliability of the components plus 1000v DC voltage and maintain 1 minute, the test source current is below 1mA, at this time with special attention to the arc , Flashing (discharge along the insulator surface or direct discharge, etc.) phenomenon.
Light irradiation test
This test is to test the reliability of solar cell components on the sun (especially ultraviolet), the United States Department of Energy Solar Energy Research Institute summary of the test conditions are based on the identification of UV light intensity to determine.
Outdoor exposure test
In this test, the solar power generator modules were placed outdoors in the same conditions as in the normal service conditions, and the characteristics of the solar cell modules were measured at regular intervals, and the environmental impact during actual use was examined. In addition, various reliability tests To compare with the outdoor exposure test, determine the acceleration factor, so this is an important reliability experiment.
Accelerated exposure test
The outdoor exposure test described above is the best way to detect life expectancy, but it is time consuming, so it is necessary to accelerate the exposure outside the human eye so that in order to estimate their life span in a short time, The purpose of the test was to simulate the rain condition by irradiating the solar battery for solar power generator module with a carbon arc or a xenon lamp as a simulation light of a large sunlight at regular intervals and to study the change of its characteristics. Called weather resistance tester.
Hot spot aging test
When a part of the solar cell module is partially shielded, the unit cell which is covered with the solar power battery module sometimes generates a hot spot due to the crack or the stripping of the antireflective film. This test is to confirm whether the solar cell module has sufficient durability to prevent such heat (45-49 ° C), and then the incident light is intermittently applied to a portion of the solar cell module, and the test is conducted for a period of time , For example, about 100 hours.This method has recently been included in the reliability test project.
Other reliability tests
In addition to the above tests, there are salt fog tests and the like, which are necessary for solar industrial batteries used at sea (lighthouses, etc.), and the above-described typical wall-resistance test methods are described above, For the use of the bell for the reliability test.
Basic Circuit Of Solar Battery Power Generation System
There are two ways to use a solar cell as a power source:
Only the way the sun battery for power;
And with a secondary battery:
The circuit composition of these two methods is different, according to the sixth chapter 6.2 of the circuit design described in the basic considerations for design,
Use only solar cells for power.
Solar cell output voltage depends on the illumination, so the use of solar power batteries as an independent power supply, in order to illuminance changes in the output voltage of solar cells to maintain stability, need to adopt rejection by the voltage control diode and stabilization of the capacitor composed of stabilizing circuit Voltage control with bipolar Zener diodes are used to control the voltage in a certain value of non-magnetic.Through the diode and the regulator of the capacitor (the pulse of the fluorescent lamp and other human light transient changes in the smoothing effect) voltage Of the changes in the actual range of changes in illumination control within ± 10%
(Magic solar bubble additional secondary battery used.
When a secondary battery is attached to the solar cell, the current control circuit (or voltage control circuit) and the secondary battery are composed of an anti-backflow diode, a function of each circuit will be described later.
The operating point of the solar cell.
Application of solar cells, in addition to considering the basic circuit, the working point of the solar cell is also a problem, so the following first describes the working conditions of solar cells, solar battery operating point by the load impedance, secondary battery voltage to decide. When the load is connected, the solar cell operates at the intersection of the current-voltage characteristic of the load and the current-voltage characteristic of the solar cell. When the secondary battery is connected, the solar cell operates at a voltage equal to the voltage of the secondary battery, The actual working point of the battery voltage and current are called the working voltage, operating current, the value described in section 4.5 of the solar cell output when the best working voltage, current is not necessarily the same.
In order to make solar cells more efficient, we must try to make the working point close to the best working point, it must be based on the load impedance or the secondary battery voltage to determine the series of solar cell series, in addition to solar cells must be based on the output current To fully meet the requirements of the load machine and the secondary battery to determine the size of the unit solar cells for solar power generation, but the solar cell current-voltage curve as described in Chapter IV with the illumination and larger changes, so the operating point of solar cells with illumination And therefore determine the operating point of the solar cell, the solar cell must be given the type of light source and illuminance range.
A variety of electronic products on solar cells is designed under what kind of incident light conditions to the calculator, for example, it is usually in indoor light [200-800lx) under the use, but also in the lower Of the light intensity, such as aircraft seats under the spotlight, the minimum illumination is estimated to 50lx. In addition, because solar cells may also be used in direct sunlight, so the maximum illumination of about 20,000 2 IX, in some illumination current and voltage Curve and operating point of the operating point of different illumination has a greater change, so no time to ensure that the minimum illumination of 50 lx, the calculator can work.This is usually always choose the operating voltage of solar power batteries than normal Illumination when the best working voltage is low.
The working point is moved in the direction of high voltage and the working point is controlled so as not to exceed a certain value at high illuminance, and the use conditions of the various solar power portable generator are only an example of how to estimate the environment in which the various devices are used, Are somewhat different.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/basic-circuit-of-solar-battery-power-generation-system.html
Only the way the sun battery for power;
And with a secondary battery:
The circuit composition of these two methods is different, according to the sixth chapter 6.2 of the circuit design described in the basic considerations for design,
Use only solar cells for power.
Solar cell output voltage depends on the illumination, so the use of solar power batteries as an independent power supply, in order to illuminance changes in the output voltage of solar cells to maintain stability, need to adopt rejection by the voltage control diode and stabilization of the capacitor composed of stabilizing circuit Voltage control with bipolar Zener diodes are used to control the voltage in a certain value of non-magnetic.Through the diode and the regulator of the capacitor (the pulse of the fluorescent lamp and other human light transient changes in the smoothing effect) voltage Of the changes in the actual range of changes in illumination control within ± 10%
(Magic solar bubble additional secondary battery used.
When a secondary battery is attached to the solar cell, the current control circuit (or voltage control circuit) and the secondary battery are composed of an anti-backflow diode, a function of each circuit will be described later.
The operating point of the solar cell.
Application of solar cells, in addition to considering the basic circuit, the working point of the solar cell is also a problem, so the following first describes the working conditions of solar cells, solar battery operating point by the load impedance, secondary battery voltage to decide. When the load is connected, the solar cell operates at the intersection of the current-voltage characteristic of the load and the current-voltage characteristic of the solar cell. When the secondary battery is connected, the solar cell operates at a voltage equal to the voltage of the secondary battery, The actual working point of the battery voltage and current are called the working voltage, operating current, the value described in section 4.5 of the solar cell output when the best working voltage, current is not necessarily the same.
In order to make solar cells more efficient, we must try to make the working point close to the best working point, it must be based on the load impedance or the secondary battery voltage to determine the series of solar cell series, in addition to solar cells must be based on the output current To fully meet the requirements of the load machine and the secondary battery to determine the size of the unit solar cells for solar power generation, but the solar cell current-voltage curve as described in Chapter IV with the illumination and larger changes, so the operating point of solar cells with illumination And therefore determine the operating point of the solar cell, the solar cell must be given the type of light source and illuminance range.
A variety of electronic products on solar cells is designed under what kind of incident light conditions to the calculator, for example, it is usually in indoor light [200-800lx) under the use, but also in the lower Of the light intensity, such as aircraft seats under the spotlight, the minimum illumination is estimated to 50lx. In addition, because solar cells may also be used in direct sunlight, so the maximum illumination of about 20,000 2 IX, in some illumination current and voltage Curve and operating point of the operating point of different illumination has a greater change, so no time to ensure that the minimum illumination of 50 lx, the calculator can work.This is usually always choose the operating voltage of solar power batteries than normal Illumination when the best working voltage is low.
The working point is moved in the direction of high voltage and the working point is controlled so as not to exceed a certain value at high illuminance, and the use conditions of the various solar power portable generator are only an example of how to estimate the environment in which the various devices are used, Are somewhat different.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/basic-circuit-of-solar-battery-power-generation-system.html
Solar Charging of Solar Backpack
Today, the digital device battery life has become one of the most
concerned about the issue, many of the digital control are the most
intolerable is the lack of smart devices on hand. If you can, really
hope to have been back block mobile power beside.
Now, this desire can really be achieved.
Recently, a dedicated to the development of electronic products, called
BirkSun team developed a solar charging backpack, it like a solar powered portable generator. in
addition to have the most basic admission function, but also equipped
with solar panels, the body can be anytime, anywhere digital charging
device, Ensure that the power of the equipment at hand full grid.
California users try to back a week later, the biggest feeling is: Why
not all the backpack can be charged!
The BirkSun designed a total of two different styles, respectively,
backpack and diagonal cross-package. Outside the BirkSun backpack is
equipped with a solar panel, you can charge anytime, anywhere. Battery
panel is equipped with a USB interface, you can charge almost all the
smart devices, so you can bid farewell to the "low power" of the curse.
Speaking of which, maybe you will worry about this BirkSun backpack
will sink to death, in fact, do not worry. The weight of BirkSun is only
1.13kg, and ordinary shoulder bag is almost the same. In order to
reduce the weight of the backpack, BirkSun backpack with a
monocrystalline silicon solar panels. At the same time, the backpack
with a high-quality fabric hand-finished, built-in wool texture of the
computer protective cover, notebook computers, digital cameras, mobile
phones and other mobile devices can be properly placed. Even if there is
no blessing of solar panels, to be an ordinary digital package is more
than enough.
If the sun is bright, BirkSun absolutely no problem on the back. Even
if it is slightly cloudy, BirkSun built-in solar panels can also use the
weak sunlight, for their full power, so you no longer afraid of low
power. BirkSun backpack built-in solar panel capacity is not too large,
but full of an iPhone mobile phone or more than enough, so it is just
like a portable solar power generator.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/Solar-Charging.html
How to Classify PV Inverters
Inverter as an important part of solar powered portable generation,
the main role is to send the PV module to DC into AC. At present, the
market common inverter is divided into centralized inverters, string
inverters and trendy distributed inverters. The three kinds of inverter
to talk about their own characteristics.
First, the centralized inverter
Centralized inverter is the name suggests is the PV modules generated
after the conversion of DC into AC voltage boost, and the network.
Therefore, the inverter power is relatively large. Photovoltaic power
plants generally use more than 500kW centralized inverter.
The advantages of a centralized inverter are as follows:
(1) power, the number of small, easy to manage; components less, good stability, ease of maintenance;
(2) low harmonic content, high power quality; protection function is complete, high security;
(3) there are power factor adjustment function and low voltage through function, good grid regulation.
The problem of the centralized inverter is as follows:
(1) centralized inverter MPPT voltage range is narrow, can not monitor
the operation of each component of the road, it is impossible to make
each component at the best working point, the component configuration is
not flexible;
(2) centralized inverter covers an area of large, need a dedicated room, the installation is not flexible;
(3) Its power consumption and the room ventilation and heat dissipation power consumption.
Second, the string inverters
Group string inverter as the name suggests is the direct conversion of
photovoltaic power generation components AC voltage summary after the
step-up, and the network. Therefore, the inverter power is relatively
small. Photovoltaic power plants in the general use of the following
series of 50kW inverter.
The advantages of the string inverters:
(1) It is not affected by the differences between groups of modules and
shadowing, and at the same time, the optimal working point of the
battery pack is not matched with the inverter, for example LiFePO4 battery pack, thus maximizing the generation capacity.
(2) MPPT voltage range is wide, more flexible component configuration;
in the rainy days, fog and more of the Ministry of District, power
generation time is long;
(3) small size, small footprint, no special room, flexible installation;
(4) since the low power consumption, fault impact.
Group string inverter problem:
(1) power device electrical gap is small, not suitable for high
altitude areas; components more integrated together, the stability of a
little worse;
(2) outdoor installation, wind and sun can easily lead to aging shell and heat sink;
(3) the number of inverters, the total failure rate will increase, the system is difficult to monitor;
(4) without isolation transformer design, electrical safety slightly
worse, not suitable for membrane component negative grounding system.
Third, the distributed inverter
Distributed inverter is a new form of inverter proposed in the past two
years. Its main features are "centralized inverter" and "scattered MPPT
tracking". Distributed inverters are a product of the advantages of a
centralized inverters and a string inverters, achieving "low cost of
centralized inverters, high power generation of string inverters ".
Advantages of Distributed Inverters:
(1) "centralized MPPT tracking" reduces the probability of mismatch and
increases the generation capacity compared with the centralized
approach.
(2) and centralized and group string comparison, distributed inverters with boost function, reducing the line loss;
(3) Compared with the group string, "centralized inverter" in the construction cost more advantages.
Distributed inverter problem:
(1) Less engineering experience. Because it is the last two years the
new form. In the application of the project after all, still a minority;
(2) safety, stability, and high power generation characteristics also need to go through the test of the project;
(3) Because the use of "centralized inverter", therefore, covers an
area of large, need to be dedicated room shortcomings exist in the
distributed inverter.The article from:http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/How-to-Classify-PV-Inverters.html
World's Large Scale Solar Power Generation System
The world's largest solar power plant is ARCO Solar's 1MW power plant in
California, which sells power to the nearby Southern California Edison
Lugo substation at commercial prices.
1MW solar power generator panorama, the system constitutes the principle of the composition of the solar cell components were 1036.8kW, 35w and 40w of each component is 13824. These components are installed in the 108 tracking device, each with 9.6KW battery Component, which is the axis tracking device, each tracking device to produce 500V DC, the current converter has become a 480V, 3 phase, 60Hz AC, boost to 12kw, sent to Edison's power station system, it has no batteries, In solar power generator system, the two-axis follower device is characterized by the use of microcomputer control tracking, fixed at 35 ° and the two-axis tracking the difference between the amount of electricity generated daily.With two-axis tracking, the daily access to 8159KW of electricity; Tilt angle, the only access to the power of 5974KW per day, in addition to know for the sooner or later the solar power generation, two-axis tracking than the fixed significantly increased.
A 6MW power plant was in operation from 1984 and is currently collecting data for the record, as shown in Figure 9-6. In addition, Japan's NEDO project is under construction in Nishihashi, Aeon Prefecture, Japan, and the converter is running in parallel , The basic design is to ensure the reliability of the entire system.According to the amount of sunshine: adjust the number of units in order to improve the total output power conversion efficiency.
1000kw-level system of the composition of the principle, in the design of the 1000kw system, the balance of the entire system must be considered, the following four points should be considered:
Both the connection operation with the solar power station system and the stand-alone operation are possible.For all solar cells installed in a wide area, their output is effectively collected.In the rainy days can also be a steady supply of electricity battery system.Low-cost solar power generation system.
By the light after the two ends of the solar cell will produce light voltage, the battery is open when the state of the photo-voltage is the open-circuit voltage, with the symbol V. . When the two sides of the doping concentration increases, the open circuit voltage will increase. When a solar cell subjected to sunlight irradiation is short-circuited, the measured current is a short-circuit current indicated by the symbol I. The short-circuit current is the photogenerated current, which can characterize the intensity of human light. Assuming that the solar cell is connected to the load, the current through the load is I, and the voltage across the load is V, changing R from zero to infinity, we can plot the load characteristic. The output power is equal to the product of the load current I and the voltage V. We can always find a point in the curve corresponding to the product has a maximum.
The efficiency of the solar power batteries are also related to its temperature. The silicon solar cell has a negative temperature coefficient, and the efficiency decreases with the increase of the temperature, and the photogenerated current also increases with increasing temperature. With the temperature rise sharply. The filling factor decreases, so the conversion efficiency decreases with increasing temperature. The short-circuit current increases linearly with the increase of the irradiance, and the maximum power increases continuously.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/large-scale-solar-power-generation-system.html
1MW solar power generator panorama, the system constitutes the principle of the composition of the solar cell components were 1036.8kW, 35w and 40w of each component is 13824. These components are installed in the 108 tracking device, each with 9.6KW battery Component, which is the axis tracking device, each tracking device to produce 500V DC, the current converter has become a 480V, 3 phase, 60Hz AC, boost to 12kw, sent to Edison's power station system, it has no batteries, In solar power generator system, the two-axis follower device is characterized by the use of microcomputer control tracking, fixed at 35 ° and the two-axis tracking the difference between the amount of electricity generated daily.With two-axis tracking, the daily access to 8159KW of electricity; Tilt angle, the only access to the power of 5974KW per day, in addition to know for the sooner or later the solar power generation, two-axis tracking than the fixed significantly increased.
A 6MW power plant was in operation from 1984 and is currently collecting data for the record, as shown in Figure 9-6. In addition, Japan's NEDO project is under construction in Nishihashi, Aeon Prefecture, Japan, and the converter is running in parallel , The basic design is to ensure the reliability of the entire system.According to the amount of sunshine: adjust the number of units in order to improve the total output power conversion efficiency.
1000kw-level system of the composition of the principle, in the design of the 1000kw system, the balance of the entire system must be considered, the following four points should be considered:
Both the connection operation with the solar power station system and the stand-alone operation are possible.For all solar cells installed in a wide area, their output is effectively collected.In the rainy days can also be a steady supply of electricity battery system.Low-cost solar power generation system.
By the light after the two ends of the solar cell will produce light voltage, the battery is open when the state of the photo-voltage is the open-circuit voltage, with the symbol V. . When the two sides of the doping concentration increases, the open circuit voltage will increase. When a solar cell subjected to sunlight irradiation is short-circuited, the measured current is a short-circuit current indicated by the symbol I. The short-circuit current is the photogenerated current, which can characterize the intensity of human light. Assuming that the solar cell is connected to the load, the current through the load is I, and the voltage across the load is V, changing R from zero to infinity, we can plot the load characteristic. The output power is equal to the product of the load current I and the voltage V. We can always find a point in the curve corresponding to the product has a maximum.
The efficiency of the solar power batteries are also related to its temperature. The silicon solar cell has a negative temperature coefficient, and the efficiency decreases with the increase of the temperature, and the photogenerated current also increases with increasing temperature. With the temperature rise sharply. The filling factor decreases, so the conversion efficiency decreases with increasing temperature. The short-circuit current increases linearly with the increase of the irradiance, and the maximum power increases continuously.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/large-scale-solar-power-generation-system.html
Solar Battery Circuit Of Various Batteries
Solar cells are the converters that convert light energy into electrical
energy, and do not store electrical energy, so the lifePo4 battery is
essential when there is no light or power to the load This chapter
describes the lifePo4 batteries that are commonly used in solar power generation systems.
The battery used in solar power generation system, commonly known as the secondary battery, the use of rechargeable batteries, photovoltaic power generation system in the battery, as a floating charge of the work, no charge must be very little discharge.In general, The battery for electronic products is a silver oxide battery or a slow discharge type nickel-cadmium battery, and a low-discharge type lead-acid battery is used for the electric power. For such a secondary battery, the following properties are generally required:
The use of solar cells in the environment have long-term stability of the charge and discharge characteristics,
Since the variation range of the light incident on the solar cell is large, the charging efficiency is high in a wide range of the charging current.
The so-called floating charging system, refers to the power supply (such as solar cells> connected with the battery well, when the power input power, in addition to providing load turtle power, but also a small current on the battery charge, and when the power is no power input, the battery Discharge to the load power supply.
Nickel-cadmium battery anode active material is nickel oxide, cathode active substances is cadmium, and electrolyte with potassium hydroxide, lifePO4 battery pack such open type and closed type two, in recent years, mostly in closed type.
Ni-Cd batteries have the following advantages:
The battery has the following disadvantages:
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/solar-battery-circuit-of-various-batteries.html
The battery used in solar power generation system, commonly known as the secondary battery, the use of rechargeable batteries, photovoltaic power generation system in the battery, as a floating charge of the work, no charge must be very little discharge.In general, The battery for electronic products is a silver oxide battery or a slow discharge type nickel-cadmium battery, and a low-discharge type lead-acid battery is used for the electric power. For such a secondary battery, the following properties are generally required:
The use of solar cells in the environment have long-term stability of the charge and discharge characteristics,
Since the variation range of the light incident on the solar cell is large, the charging efficiency is high in a wide range of the charging current.
- Overcharge resistance, over discharge.
- In the use of self-discharge environment is small.
- Long cycle life.
- No leakage, no gas emission, or less leakage, less gas emission.
- High energy density.
- low cost
The so-called floating charging system, refers to the power supply (such as solar cells> connected with the battery well, when the power input power, in addition to providing load turtle power, but also a small current on the battery charge, and when the power is no power input, the battery Discharge to the load power supply.
Nickel-cadmium battery anode active material is nickel oxide, cathode active substances is cadmium, and electrolyte with potassium hydroxide, lifePO4 battery pack such open type and closed type two, in recent years, mostly in closed type.
Ni-Cd batteries have the following advantages:
- Resistance to overcharge, over discharge ability, generally do not install a stable charging circuit can also be used
- Long life, charge and discharge cycles of several hundred times or more, the shallow depth of discharge light load, the charge and discharge cycle of up to 1000 times,
- The internal resistance is small, there may be high-speed discharge, and the discharge voltage fluctuations
- Can be used in a wide temperature range,
- And the size of the same battery, the operating voltage is also close, so there is interchangeability.
The battery has the following disadvantages:
- Self-discharge larger
- Capacity volume is relatively small
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/solar-battery-circuit-of-various-batteries.html
Silver Oxide Battery Advantages
Silver oxide battery anode active material is silver oxide, cathode
active material is zinc or cadmium, and the electrolyte with potassium
hydroxide, it is tightly closed.On the market for the sale of
button-type silver oxide battery, the advantages of silver oxide
battery.Why we not use silver oxide battery on solar powered portable generator the following is the reasons.
The capacity of large and small capacity per unit volume
Lead-acid battery anode active material is lead dioxide, the cathode active material is lead, while the electrolyte with dilute sulfuric acid, which is divided into two types of closed and open.Compared with the aforementioned Ni-Cd battery or the silver oxide battery, since the battery is inexpensive, large in capacity and easy to be obtained, the battery in the solar power generator system generally uses a lead-acid battery.
Lead-acid batteries have the following advantages:
Paste-type anode plates are filled with lead dioxide in the lead alloy, which has a short service life compared with the cladding type, however, it is generally used in many places because of its low cost. The characteristics of the lead-acid battery .Depth of the relationship between the depth and life, from the figure shows that the cladding life is longer with the above mourning-induced. Figure 10-11 is an example of charging characteristics, Figure 10-12 for the discharge characteristics , Figure 10-13 for the discharge current and discharge the relationship between the initial voltage In short, the lead-acid batteries have various types of God, according to the purpose of choice is very important.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/silver-oxide-battery-advantages.html
The capacity of large and small capacity per unit volume
- The discharge voltage is stable
- Self-discharge is small. In 220℃, self-discharge within one year of about 5%
- Charging efficiency is high, and can be micro-current charging
- Since the silver oxide battery has these advantages, it has been widely used in solar cell hands, cameras, etc. On the other hand, it has the following drawbacks:
- Resistance to overcharge the weak.
- Short cycle life
- Therefore, these problems must be taken into account in the use.
- In the case of a silver oxide battery, it is necessary to design a charge control circuit to prevent overcharging when a silver oxide battery is used, since the inside of the silver oxide battery does not have a function of decomposing the generated gas. This is the same as that of a Ni-Cd battery Therefore, the control circuit for preventing overcharge is indispensable,
Lead-acid battery anode active material is lead dioxide, the cathode active material is lead, while the electrolyte with dilute sulfuric acid, which is divided into two types of closed and open.Compared with the aforementioned Ni-Cd battery or the silver oxide battery, since the battery is inexpensive, large in capacity and easy to be obtained, the battery in the solar power generator system generally uses a lead-acid battery.
Lead-acid batteries have the following advantages:
- Both ends of the voltage than the Fen battery (1.25V) high (1.5V),
- low cost,
- A large capacity battery can be obtained.
- Generally resistant to overcharge ability is weak,
- Must be added forever.
Paste-type anode plates are filled with lead dioxide in the lead alloy, which has a short service life compared with the cladding type, however, it is generally used in many places because of its low cost. The characteristics of the lead-acid battery .Depth of the relationship between the depth and life, from the figure shows that the cladding life is longer with the above mourning-induced. Figure 10-11 is an example of charging characteristics, Figure 10-12 for the discharge characteristics , Figure 10-13 for the discharge current and discharge the relationship between the initial voltage In short, the lead-acid batteries have various types of God, according to the purpose of choice is very important.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/silver-oxide-battery-advantages.html
How to Improve Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
How to improve the conversion efficiency of solar cells of solar power generator
is extremely important.Crystalline and amorphous solar cells so far to
improve the conversion efficiency of the development process and future
projections.Presently expected to achieve low-cost amorphous solar
cells, the conversion efficiency The Japanese Sunshine Program and the
US Department of Energy's development goals can be expected by 1990,
solar power generation will largely reach the popularity of the period
of time, At that time the production size of 10X10cm2 size, efficiency
slid off] 0% of the amorphous solar cells is not a dream.
In order to popularize the large solar power generation, it does not have to be reduced. To this end, the above mentioned mentioned, the conversion efficiency Wei is necessary, at the same time, the expansion of production is a variety of solar cell conversion efficiency changes and Increased speculation (crystalline solar cell conversion efficiency represents the characteristics of the produced 100 cm2 class cell) is extremely important.
According to the author, in order to achieve the goal of the plan, that is, the price of solar cells is less than 100 yen, W <0.4 dollars / w), the annual output must reach several hundred megawatts to several thousand megawatts, the same situation in the United States Pointed out that the US Department of Energy's plan.Now the world and Japan's solar cell production, in 1983, but only 15.3MW and 5MW said, therefore, it should be raised to hundreds of megawatts, still need to make great The authors believe that to achieve this step, the region, so that the application of solar cells in electronic products (civilian) is very important to the popularity of this market size is expected to 30-50MW / year. In order to expand production, of course, also consider the relevant market demand, the author is equal in 1980 in the world's first production of amorphous solar cells, and use it for calculators, and since then, its production rose sharply today, amorphous solar power batteries accounted for 68% of Japan's total output, as the main solar cells.
The application of solar cells in electronic products has already begun, and the application as a small independent solar power generator source is underway and will soon appear in large-scale solar power generation systems in public facilities and factories such as irrigation water pumps, radio relay stations, schools, etc. In addition, The solar battery watt and the application of hybrid solar cells, solar cell extension to the residential application is not long. If the conversion efficiency of 10%, the cost! 100 yen / w solar cells can be achieved, then in Chapter IX (home solar power generation system) said 30cm2 area, with about 600,000 yen can get their own supply of electricity.
In fact, in order to reduce the capacity of the battery, the sun should be connected with the usual lighting electrical system.In the daytime, the excess power to the system transmission line for the factory and other consumption, the lack of part of the water, fire and nuclear power supply , The evening instead, then take the power transmission line power consumption, which is called the floating system.According to the considerations of the previous section, the solar power battery components laid on the slope of the mountain and the coast and other places, which in the near future In addition, these solar cell modules are connected to the power system and mixed with the conventional solar powered portable generator system.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/how-to-improve-solar-energy-conversion-efficiency.html
In order to popularize the large solar power generation, it does not have to be reduced. To this end, the above mentioned mentioned, the conversion efficiency Wei is necessary, at the same time, the expansion of production is a variety of solar cell conversion efficiency changes and Increased speculation (crystalline solar cell conversion efficiency represents the characteristics of the produced 100 cm2 class cell) is extremely important.
According to the author, in order to achieve the goal of the plan, that is, the price of solar cells is less than 100 yen, W <0.4 dollars / w), the annual output must reach several hundred megawatts to several thousand megawatts, the same situation in the United States Pointed out that the US Department of Energy's plan.Now the world and Japan's solar cell production, in 1983, but only 15.3MW and 5MW said, therefore, it should be raised to hundreds of megawatts, still need to make great The authors believe that to achieve this step, the region, so that the application of solar cells in electronic products (civilian) is very important to the popularity of this market size is expected to 30-50MW / year. In order to expand production, of course, also consider the relevant market demand, the author is equal in 1980 in the world's first production of amorphous solar cells, and use it for calculators, and since then, its production rose sharply today, amorphous solar power batteries accounted for 68% of Japan's total output, as the main solar cells.
The application of solar cells in electronic products has already begun, and the application as a small independent solar power generator source is underway and will soon appear in large-scale solar power generation systems in public facilities and factories such as irrigation water pumps, radio relay stations, schools, etc. In addition, The solar battery watt and the application of hybrid solar cells, solar cell extension to the residential application is not long. If the conversion efficiency of 10%, the cost! 100 yen / w solar cells can be achieved, then in Chapter IX (home solar power generation system) said 30cm2 area, with about 600,000 yen can get their own supply of electricity.
In fact, in order to reduce the capacity of the battery, the sun should be connected with the usual lighting electrical system.In the daytime, the excess power to the system transmission line for the factory and other consumption, the lack of part of the water, fire and nuclear power supply , The evening instead, then take the power transmission line power consumption, which is called the floating system.According to the considerations of the previous section, the solar power battery components laid on the slope of the mountain and the coast and other places, which in the near future In addition, these solar cell modules are connected to the power system and mixed with the conventional solar powered portable generator system.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/how-to-improve-solar-energy-conversion-efficiency.html
Factors Affecting Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells
The open-circuit voltage U increases with the increase of the band width
E, but on the other hand, the short-circuit current density J decreases
as the band width E increases. As a result, it is expected that the
peak of the efficiency of the solar cell will occur anywhere in a
certain E.
Temperature
With the increase of temperature, the efficiency of N decreased. I is very sensitive to temperature T, the temperature also play a major role in U. For Si, for every 1℃increase in temperature, U decreases by about 0.4% of the room temperature, and N also decreases by about the same percentage.
Photo - carrier lifetime
For a semiconductor solar cell, the longer the composite lifetime of the photo-generated carriers, the greater the short-circuit current I will be. In indirect bandgap semiconductor materials such as Si, a considerable number of carriers can also be generated at a distance of 100 μm from the PN junction. If the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers in these positions is greater than 1 μs, they can be collected by the PN and transported to the external circuit. In a direct bandgap material, such as GaAs or Gu2S, a compound lifetime of 10 ns is sufficient. The long lifetime of the carriers also reduces the dark current and increases U. The key to achieving long life is in the preparation of materials and lifePo4 battery pack production process, to avoid the formation of composite center. In the process, appropriate and often related to the process, you can make the composite center removed, thus extending the life.
Light intensity
Focusing sunlight on solar cells allows a small solar cell to generate a large amount of electrical energy. Assuming that the intensity of light is concentrated X times, the input power per cell area and I will increase by a factor of X, and U will increase with time. The output power is increased by more than X times, and the conversion efficiency is improved by the converging result.
Doping concentration
Another factor that has a significant effect on U is the semiconductor dopant concentration. The higher the doping concentration, the higher the U. At present, the doping concentration is about 10 ^ 6cm-3 in Si solar cells, about 10 17cm-3 in direct-gap materials solar cells, in order to reduce the series resistance, the former diffusion region doping concentration is often Higher than 10 ^ 19cm-3, so the effect of heavy doping in the diffusion zone is more important.
Surface recombination rate
The low surface recombination rate contributes to an increase in I, and the recombination rate of the front surface is difficult to measure and is often assumed to be infinite. One type of cell, called a back surface field, was designed to produce a solar cell using a P-type material, which diffused a P + additional layer on the back of the cell before the metal contacts.
Series resistance
In any actual solar cell, there are series resistance, the source can be lead, metal contact grid or lifePo4 batteries body resistance. However, in general, the series resistance mainly comes from the thin diffusion layer. The current collected by the PN junction must pass through the surface layer and then into the nearest metal wire. This is the route where the resistor is present. Obviously, the series resistance can be reduced by the metal wire. The effect of a certain series resistance R is to change the position of the I-U curve.
Metal gate lines and light reflection
The metal grids on the front surface can not transmit sunlight. In order to maximize I, the area occupied by the metal gate lines should be minimized. In order to make the R small, the metal grid lines are generally made of dense and thin shapes. Because of the presence of sunlight reflection, not all of the light can enter the Si. The reflectivity of bare Si surface is about 40%. The use of an antireflective film is effective in reducing the reflectivity.
The conversion efficiency of a lifePo4 battery is the ratio of its output power to the input power. In order to obtain high efficiency, it is desired to have a large short-circuit current, a high open-circuit voltage, and a large fill factor, and a short-circuit current is large if the solar cell is made of a material having a small band gap E. Good manufacturing process and a good battery design, even if the smallest carrier complex, but also make short-circuit current increases. Solar cells with E large material, then have a high open-circuit voltage. The fill I-U factor is a measure of the steepness at the inflection point of the curve, which can be made smaller by series resistance. Normally, when the open-circuit voltage is high, FF is also large. The conversion efficiency increases with the increase of light intensity and the decrease of temperature. With E values between 1.2-1.6eV made of lifePo4 batteries, is expected to achieve maximum efficiency. Direct-bandgap semiconductors for thin-film cells are preferred because they absorb photons near the surface.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/factors-affecting-conversion-efficiency-of-solar-cells.html
Temperature
With the increase of temperature, the efficiency of N decreased. I is very sensitive to temperature T, the temperature also play a major role in U. For Si, for every 1℃increase in temperature, U decreases by about 0.4% of the room temperature, and N also decreases by about the same percentage.
Photo - carrier lifetime
For a semiconductor solar cell, the longer the composite lifetime of the photo-generated carriers, the greater the short-circuit current I will be. In indirect bandgap semiconductor materials such as Si, a considerable number of carriers can also be generated at a distance of 100 μm from the PN junction. If the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers in these positions is greater than 1 μs, they can be collected by the PN and transported to the external circuit. In a direct bandgap material, such as GaAs or Gu2S, a compound lifetime of 10 ns is sufficient. The long lifetime of the carriers also reduces the dark current and increases U. The key to achieving long life is in the preparation of materials and lifePo4 battery pack production process, to avoid the formation of composite center. In the process, appropriate and often related to the process, you can make the composite center removed, thus extending the life.
Light intensity
Focusing sunlight on solar cells allows a small solar cell to generate a large amount of electrical energy. Assuming that the intensity of light is concentrated X times, the input power per cell area and I will increase by a factor of X, and U will increase with time. The output power is increased by more than X times, and the conversion efficiency is improved by the converging result.
Doping concentration
Another factor that has a significant effect on U is the semiconductor dopant concentration. The higher the doping concentration, the higher the U. At present, the doping concentration is about 10 ^ 6cm-3 in Si solar cells, about 10 17cm-3 in direct-gap materials solar cells, in order to reduce the series resistance, the former diffusion region doping concentration is often Higher than 10 ^ 19cm-3, so the effect of heavy doping in the diffusion zone is more important.
Surface recombination rate
The low surface recombination rate contributes to an increase in I, and the recombination rate of the front surface is difficult to measure and is often assumed to be infinite. One type of cell, called a back surface field, was designed to produce a solar cell using a P-type material, which diffused a P + additional layer on the back of the cell before the metal contacts.
Series resistance
In any actual solar cell, there are series resistance, the source can be lead, metal contact grid or lifePo4 batteries body resistance. However, in general, the series resistance mainly comes from the thin diffusion layer. The current collected by the PN junction must pass through the surface layer and then into the nearest metal wire. This is the route where the resistor is present. Obviously, the series resistance can be reduced by the metal wire. The effect of a certain series resistance R is to change the position of the I-U curve.
Metal gate lines and light reflection
The metal grids on the front surface can not transmit sunlight. In order to maximize I, the area occupied by the metal gate lines should be minimized. In order to make the R small, the metal grid lines are generally made of dense and thin shapes. Because of the presence of sunlight reflection, not all of the light can enter the Si. The reflectivity of bare Si surface is about 40%. The use of an antireflective film is effective in reducing the reflectivity.
The conversion efficiency of a lifePo4 battery is the ratio of its output power to the input power. In order to obtain high efficiency, it is desired to have a large short-circuit current, a high open-circuit voltage, and a large fill factor, and a short-circuit current is large if the solar cell is made of a material having a small band gap E. Good manufacturing process and a good battery design, even if the smallest carrier complex, but also make short-circuit current increases. Solar cells with E large material, then have a high open-circuit voltage. The fill I-U factor is a measure of the steepness at the inflection point of the curve, which can be made smaller by series resistance. Normally, when the open-circuit voltage is high, FF is also large. The conversion efficiency increases with the increase of light intensity and the decrease of temperature. With E values between 1.2-1.6eV made of lifePo4 batteries, is expected to achieve maximum efficiency. Direct-bandgap semiconductors for thin-film cells are preferred because they absorb photons near the surface.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/factors-affecting-conversion-efficiency-of-solar-cells.html
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Manufacturing Process
Crystalline silicon solar power batteries
(including monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon, silicon, silicon and
other solar cells has always been the mainstream of commercial solar
cells in 2005 accounted for 93.5% of global output, polycrystalline
silicon solar cells since 1999 has been crystalline silicon Solar power
battery mainstream products in 2005 accounted for 52.3% of global
production, monocrystalline silicon solar cells accounted for 38.3%
.Crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon cell production is an estimate,
you can see the crystalline silicon material-based solar power batteries
also Will be in the future for a long time to occupy an absolute
dominant position.
Preparation of Silicon Materials
Silicon is the most widely distributed element in the crust, its content is 25.8%. But its main form is in the form of oxide, such as quartz sand. The preparation of silicon materials, mainly divided into: the preparation of high-purity polysilicon, growth of silicon, polycrystalline silicon ingots, silicon processing.
Preparation of High - purity Polycrystalline Silicon
As a high-purity polycrystalline silicon material for manufacturing solar power batteries, it is smelted into industrial silicon by carbon reduction. Industrial silicon and hydrogen or hydrogen chloride reaction, available silicon tetrachloride or trichlorosilane. After distillation and purification, and then reduced to silicon by reducing agent. In the reduction process, the deposition of tiny silicon particles to form a lot of nucle, and continue to grow, until the long rod-like polycrystalline.
Preparation of Single Crystal Ingot
Monocrystalline silicon ingot preparation there are two main methods: Czochralski method [CZ method] and the zone melting method (FZ method).If we could mprove solar cell conversion rate use for solar powered portable generator more effective for our services, more environmentally friendly.
Silicon wafer processing
Silicon wafer processing to go through the ingot cutting, spheronization, slicing, chamfering, grinding, chemical etching and polishing process, the final completion of the production of solar power batteries, the preparation of silicon wafers.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/crystalline-silicon-solar-cell-manufacturing-process.html
Preparation of Silicon Materials
Silicon is the most widely distributed element in the crust, its content is 25.8%. But its main form is in the form of oxide, such as quartz sand. The preparation of silicon materials, mainly divided into: the preparation of high-purity polysilicon, growth of silicon, polycrystalline silicon ingots, silicon processing.
Preparation of High - purity Polycrystalline Silicon
As a high-purity polycrystalline silicon material for manufacturing solar power batteries, it is smelted into industrial silicon by carbon reduction. Industrial silicon and hydrogen or hydrogen chloride reaction, available silicon tetrachloride or trichlorosilane. After distillation and purification, and then reduced to silicon by reducing agent. In the reduction process, the deposition of tiny silicon particles to form a lot of nucle, and continue to grow, until the long rod-like polycrystalline.
Preparation of Single Crystal Ingot
Monocrystalline silicon ingot preparation there are two main methods: Czochralski method [CZ method] and the zone melting method (FZ method).If we could mprove solar cell conversion rate use for solar powered portable generator more effective for our services, more environmentally friendly.
Silicon wafer processing
Silicon wafer processing to go through the ingot cutting, spheronization, slicing, chamfering, grinding, chemical etching and polishing process, the final completion of the production of solar power batteries, the preparation of silicon wafers.
The article from : http://www.storagebattery-factory.com/news/crystalline-silicon-solar-cell-manufacturing-process.html
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
